The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms - 1635 Words

The Supreme Court of Canada uses the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to limit the scope of legislation and administrative power by implementing section one of the charter; which results in an open dialogue between the government and the courts on various legislation deemed unconstitutional. In this essay I will discuss the extent in which section one of the Canadian Charter allows the Supreme Court of Canada to dictate legislation, how they go about narrowing legislation and administrative power through the Oaks test, and the history of the Supreme Court from 1982 – present day will be analyzed resulting in an understanding of the legitimacy the courts play with such a role. To understand how the Charter allows the courts to dictate legislation first we must understand the properties surrounding section one of the charter. This section opens up a dialogue between the courts and the government attempting to pass legislation. If said legislation is deemed unconstitutional, the courts challenge the legislation and request a justification on the infringement(s) of the rights in question. For an infringement to be found within an act it must fail to meet certain criteria which includes the values that are essential to the rule of law. First governments should now act in arbitrary ways; meaning that if laws will limit a right found in the charter they must not be contradictory, unclear, secret, or vague, or you undermine the reason we have law. These results in the courtsShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1617 Words   |  7 Pages Since its inception in 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, very much like its primary architect Pierre Trudeau, has been one of the most celebrated yet controversial elements of Canadian politics and governance. Revealing how this dynamic emerged requires a nuanced understanding of the motivation behind the Charter and the techniques it employed to succeed. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like the entire patriation process, was motivated by and mobilized support throughRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1613 Words   |  7 Pages The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms simply referred to as the â€Å"Charter†, is a significant document in regards to the Canadian constitution. Its primary aim is to uphold individual rights and freedoms and promote equality in administering justice. However, its passage in 1982 has led to increased controversies given that the Charter gives courts more power in interpreting its provisions while sidelining the legislature (Boyd 118). This means that the advent of this Charter was the end ofRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms840 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is an important milestone in Canadian history. An effort through rigorous debate and compromise gave birth to this document that defines our collective values and principles by guaranteeing and protecting the fundamental rights of its citizens. Prior to the Charter, there was no gurantee in Canada that rights and freedoms would not be taken away by legislation. T he Charter also allows courts to render the constitutional duty so that any decisions made areRead MoreCanadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the rights of Canadian citizens and provides them with assurance that all Canadians will be treated equally under the law. The Charter claims to guarantee rights and freedoms, fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, equality rights, language rights, legal rights, and enforcement rights, and Aboriginal rights. Although the Charter claims to guarantee the rights and freedoms of Canadian citizens, the government is still able toRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was established in 1982 and was put into place by the Trudeau government. The purpose of the Charter was to protect the rights of Canadian individuals and to establish independence from Britain. However, o ne section of the charter sparked much controversy, this was section 33, also known as The Notwithstanding Clause. The purpose of this clause was to allow the state to override a right protected by the charter, for various reasons. These reasons includeRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1531 Words   |  7 PagesBasing the Basics on a Belief in Something Bigger The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, implemented in 1982 outlines the rights and freedoms that Canadians have as citizens of this country. In this paper I will ask whether we need such a charter, whether we can trust the interpretation of the Charter by the Supreme Court and how the Charter balances power in a democratic way. I will then contemplate the foundational place morality holds in the lawmaking process. In all of this I argue thatRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1386 Words   |  6 Pagesprinciple by entitling an accused of even the most heinous crimes to civil liberties and processes as not to compromise the criminal trial process. A fair trial is an intrinsic right of all members of society making it fundamental to our being, and is ergo ensured to us all under s.11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms. Provided with other preemptive measures to guarantee justice is achieved in the criminal trial proceedings. Additionally, the courts help facilitate an understanding of theRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Right And Freedom1225 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal and family justice system has become very complicated, slow and extremely expensive for majority of Canadians. These issues are particularly glaring to low income earners, people with disabilities and other minorities. Canadian justice system have become incapable of providing solutions that can addressing problems brought to it. With the creation of the Canadian charter of right and freedom, access to justice became more of an equality issue. It moved from simply being the capacity to litigateRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms(CCORAF) Guarantees a Free and Democratic Society The Charter of Rights and Freedoms upholds the individual rights of all Canadians. Agree or disagree with the following statement. The Charter is part of Canada’s constitution; the highest law of Canada, which sets out the framework for how Canada is to be governed. The CCORAF sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians feel are necessary to maintain Canada as a free and democratic community. The CharterRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms883 Words   |  4 PagesRainbow Nation of South Africa in 1994, the first democratically elected government was tasked with drawing up a new constitution that would properly enshrine the human rights that had so long been denied the majority of citizens. One source drawn upon in developing the new constitution was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, itself then little more than a decade old. It is not necessary to be a constitutional scholar to detect many similarities between the two; indeed, Canada’s pride in this

A Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway Analysis - 1087 Words

In 1914, one of the worst wars in history started -- World War I. During this time, Italy suffered about 460,000 to 650,000 casualties of both military soldiers and citizens. Most of the people in Italy did not want to fight, but their lives were endangered as if they had no value or purpose. In the novel, A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway explores the hardships of the war through an ambulance driver in World War I referred to as Lieutenant Henry. Lieutenant Henry sees and experiences many things in his war experience, but overall comes back to the same realization: there is not much meaning in life. Throughout the novel, Hemingway teaches the reader that life is meaningless through the character’s relationships with each other, their†¦show more content†¦Even if a man is injured, the officers will still send him out into the war as soon as he can walk and hold a gun again. Men are thrown into battle with no way to change their situation, making the effort to live pointless. To recapitulate, life’s meaningless is represented through characters’ relationships. An additional way Hemingway shows the meaninglessness in life is with the characters’ views on the war. First, the ambulance drivers’ views on the war prove that life has no meaning. Passini, one of the ambulance drivers, says â€Å"‘When people realize how bad it [the war] is they cannot do anything to stop it because they go crazy’† (41). He points out that the war is despised by everyone, yet no one can rectify its corruption; they just have to deal with the war. After fighting an unwanted war, it takes the meaning of life away and life becomes pointless. Another reason that life is without purpose is that the priest has very little hope for the war. The priest says, â€Å"‘I had hoped for something†¦ now I don’t know’† (137). The priest is normally the most hopeful and sacrosanct person in a town, but the war is so bad that even he has a hard time holding onto faith. No one has hope for this war, showing that the m eaning in having faith is completely gone. A final reason life is so meaningless is that soldiers are willing to harm themselves to escape the war. AllShow MoreRelatedAnalysis On The Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe book I chose to do my analysis on was A Farewell to Arms, written by Ernest Hemingway in 1929. It has a first person narrative and is told by American ambulance driver Frederic Henry who finds love in the form of a nurse named Catherine Barkley all while the first world war is happening in the background. The story almost serves as a biographical piece on Hemingway himself as many of the events and experiences in it are inspired by real life ones that affected him. He did fight in World War 1Read MoreA Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway Analysis747 Words   |  3 PagesSchmidt †¢ A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway (born on July 21,1899 and died on July 2,1961) He was raised in Chicago, and he moved to Paris after marriage. Hemingway contributed to literature during his time by writing for his high school newspaper and later became a journalist for Kansas City Star. He also became a companion of a lot of successful writers with Gertrude Stein teaching him. (â€Å"Ernest Hemingway† Biography.com) †¢ Original publication- September 1929 (â€Å"Ernest Hemingway† BiographyRead MoreA Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway Analysis1694 Words   |  7 Pageslives the way they wish they could. One example of this is in Ernest Hemingway’s novel, A Farewell To Arms. The brave World War One ambulance driver, Frederic Henry, shares many traits with the esteemed author. It’s almost like he’s the Batman to Hemingway’s Bruce Wayne. Hemingway often wrote from experience, whether it was drawing upon his experience at a bullfight or even writing about his time spent on the Italian front (Ernest Hemingway Biography ~ World War I 1). He shares several experiencesRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingway s A Farewell Of Arms 1369 Words   |  6 Pagesof courage, glory, and selflessness. A Farewell to Arms, written by Ernest Hemingway, is a recollection of his war experiences. The protagonist, an American Lieutenant named Fredric Henry, struggles to find the middle ground between his affair with the beautiful and radiant Catherine Barkley and pursuing heroism in the Great War. The lovers’ lives are turned upside-down once they realize they are infatuated with each other. Like Lieutenant Henry, when Hemingway was â€Å"serving at the front, he was woundedRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingway s A Farewell Of Arms 1219 Words   |  5 Pageswar cannot overcome the bond between lovers. However, Ernest Hemingway c ontrasts this version of war and love in his novel, A Farewell to Arms. He utilizes his past experiences in World War I to illustrate warfare from the perspective of a soldier on the front lines. His novel portrays romance in a negative light, showing an alternative result of love, rather than the clichà © â€Å"happily ever after† endings. In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway suggests that love can only serve as a temporary haven inRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingway s The A Farewell Of Arms 988 Words   |  4 PagesA Farewell to Arms - Modernism In the A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway incorporates a literary style known as Modernism. Literary Modernism, or Modernist literature, had its origin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The horrors of World War I perceived, were taken into consideration by Modernists as the prevailing assumptions about society were reassessed. Thinkers such as Sigmund Freud began questioning the rationality of mankind. Hemingway includes perspectivism, impressionism, andRead MoreNot Only Did The Effects Of War Negatively Influence Henry’S1282 Words   |  6 PagesNot only did the effects of war negatively influence Henry’s actions, the theme of tragedy and the horrors of war also influence the entire Italian Army. For example, in Moddelmog’s literary analysis, the author refers back to novel to discuss the temptations that are depicted by Hemingway to give an accurate representation of the daily lives of the soldiers and the author hints at a justification for their actions: â€Å"It might sound sordid, but during war who can blame soldiers for seeking pleasurableRead MoreThe Sentimental Education of Frederic Henry (Hemingway’s Other Possible Title)975 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s protagonist Frederic Henry says A Farewell to Arms with a double meaning. The novel title is word play reflective of first, Frederic’s desertion of the war. His second farewell is to the arms of his beloved, Catherine Barkley after her death in childbirth. Wandering stoically through life, looking for some natural progression, Frederic lets one circumstance lead him to the next. At first, Frederic exhibits the hedonistic aspirations of a college fraternity pledge, motivatedRead MoreCoping with War: A Comparison Between Slaughterhouse Five and A Farewell to Arms1630 Words   |  7 PagesEarnest Hemmingway once said Never think that war, no matter how necessary, nor how justified, is not a crime. (Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Reference) War is a gruesome and tragic thing and affects people differently. Both Vonnegut and Hemmingway discus this idea in their novels A Farewell to Arms and Slaughterhouse Five. Both of the novels deal not only with war stories but other genres, be it a science fiction story in Vonnegut’s case or a love story in Hemingway’s. Despite all the similaritiesRead MorePsychoanalytic and Femisnist Theories in A Farewall to Arms by Ernst Hemingway2059 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"A Farewell to Arms† written by Ernest Hemingway in 1929 attracted much critical acclaim and theoretical interpretation helping to understand the author’s message to the readers the overall importance of the literary work in the world. The events of the novel took place during the First World War in Italy revolving around Frederic Henry, an American ambulance driver working for the Italian Army and being wounded on the front. Another very important character in the novel was Catherine Barkley, the

Live Theatre Review Free Essays

The actors and director of The â€Å"Woman In Black† had complete power and control over the audience’s reactions and emotions. For our Drama GCSE we went to see â€Å"The Woman in Black†, on Monday 1st December 2003. The play was showing at the Fourtune theatre and was based on a book by Susan Hill; which was adapted by Stephen Mallatratt. We will write a custom essay sample on Live Theatre Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The â€Å"Woman In Black† is about a middle aged solicitor called Arthur Kipps, who years earlier had lost an infant son following some eerie incidents in an English town. In hopes of getting rid of his personal demons and ghosts, he approaches a young actor to turn his written account into a theatre piece (re-enactment.) It shows all of the happenings with a recently deceased woman called Alice Drableau and her remote, mysterious house. The play explores the issues of the supernatural and things beyond the human world, such as ghosts and things that are invisible to the human eye; created by mime and the actors and audience’s imagination. I think that the play and the actors explored these issues very well, but I am not sure if they were explored in a believable way. I thought that the first half of the play was quite slow, tedious, and we weren’t drawn in so there wasn’t any control over us whilst watching it. However, when the play reached the second half the pace started to pick up, and tension was created, which drew us in and gave the actors control over our reactions. It was remarkable how far people in the audience were willing to go with their imaginations. They seemed to be really involved with the performance; I think that to a certain extent we all were. The play was structured with flashbacks and crosscutting which gave us a more in depth understanding of what had happened in the past to effect the future. The actors took us on a journey with them in whichever time they were in. We knew what time they were in, as the actors clicked their fingers towards the lighting technician each time. At first it didn’t seem to be part of the performance, later on when it occurred again it was clear that this was a repeated action and was necessary to the play. When actually thinking about it they were actors, acting as though they were acting a re-enactment. Quite confusing I thought. The lights changed from being bright when in the present, to being dim; and almost seemed like sepia tones to give that more ancient feel when in the past. I don’t think that this was done as well or creative as it could have been. The clicking to me just seemed odd and something that didn’t belong in the play, even though I can understand what they were trying to do. The lighting technician brought us back to reality and removed us from the performance; it drew us back out from the tense gripping story. The tension that was built up before these points suddenly dropped and then tension tried to build up again after that point. The actual changes between times eras was very fast, it was almost like there was a sudden change in tempo for that spilt second. The structure of the stage also affected the amount of space used by the characters. In the first half of the play we only saw half of the stage. The basic layout of it was rather boring. There wasn’t much space for anything and the layout just wasn’t interesting or eye-catching at all. As the play moved into the second half, the other part of the stage was revealed to us. It was an exciting change that spiced things up a bit. They suddenly had so much more space to work with. The â€Å"Woman in Black† has two main characters. Arthur Kipps played by Paul Stewart and the young actor who is actor Matt Holland. There was also the shadowed â€Å"Woman in Black† (Who is Alice Drableau the deceased,) although she didn’t have a huge role in the play. The two main actors portrayed many characters, with the usage of costume and their vocal techniques and tones of voices. I thought that they portrayed the different characters quite well but it definitely wasn’t believable for me personally. The actors changed costume in front of us (the audience), which once again drew us away from the drama. In my eyes. Once again, I realise that this was part of the piece, and if you think of it as an actual play, it was a great technique to use. I just found it rather off putting when I was actually getting into the drama; I realised that we weren’t seeing the story, we were seeing people tell us and re-enact the story. Some of the two men’s movements were very interesting and engaged us in the performance. Mr Kipps didn’t really use much movement when narrating. On the other hand when he took on the role of other characters and the young actor played a younger version of Mr Kipps, they used movement to the best of their ability. An example would be a simple motion of a horse and cart. The two characters mimed this very well in a believable way, showing how they would be when on a real horse. A great bit of movement that I found really effective, was when they pretended to be on a train. The actors were really aware of the space and objects around them. For example they used 2 briefcases as doors and a couple of chairs as seats, when walking through the imaginary train and we could tell instantly what it was. One of the men walked sideways along to show the compact space on a train, the two men also sat diagonal from each other which gave us the impression that there could have been mo re people on the train. The woman in black definitely had the ultimate power over the other characters reactions, and over us. She moved silently in and out drifting along in an almost Godley fashion and She made it look as though the dark stage was her shadowed sky; she was swooping down and scaring the prey. We were the prey, and we were shocked, in fact some people did let their emotions get the better of them. She wore pinnacled headgear, under a black veil. The black costume seemed as though it was to symbolise death and possibly evil. I would say that the actors had partial control over the audience and controlled the tension and atmosphere. The blackouts and lighting also helped create the woman in black’s fast movement on the rocking chair; she was furious, focused and very creepy in a psychotic sort of way. This drew us in further. A rocking chair normally moves slowly and contains a nice old person maybe knitting. It came as a huge shock when this happened, because it was such a huge contrast. There were two moments where there was a huge amount of control on the audience. The young actor approached a door this was concealed before and as it is now in light we are intrigued to know what is behind it. There was a lot of tension at this point and the use of pauses made the intense slow hand movements towards the door quite nerve-wracking. It was surprising how much this affected people. A great moment of tension which created a really strong atmosphere was when the young actor who was pretending to be Mr Kipps was sleeping. There was a long empty silence and a complete blackout. This was a moment that was really tense, we the audience were also in a total blackout, so they were putting us in the same situation. We were under control, as we couldn’t see anything, so we didn’t really know what was going on or what was going to happen. We were really involved. The actor also used a torch in the audience, whilst the whole room was black. The light was shone all around the audience, kind of like a spotlight. This whole moment, reminds me of childhood and being scared of the dark. Set, lighting, props and special effects I feel were all necessary to create a real sense of atmosphere. There were quite a few sound effects, to try and make the play seem as real as possible. Not only that, but some of the sound effects seemed to be symbolic. The sound of crows at the Graveyard, I’m sure this is a bad omen, death and a sign of evil. The sound of a rocking chair, which sounded like a heartbeat racing, to build tension and suspense. A double use. A music box in the Childs room, so innocent, yet the music seemed quite creepy when in the dark. Lots of them seemed to symbolise childhood, the innocence, and good. Because we knew what was going on and it was dark and tense, that goodness seemed almost possessed by evil. I thought that the sets were great and were concealed very well behind the gauze. It helped them to change the environment and setting quite efficiently without us knowing. From a graveyard which was furniture covered in white sheets maybe to symbolise ghosts, or when a person is dead them being covered in a sheet to be concealed. A sense of age and death. We saw the old house, which was covered in sheets again, kind of like an old house that hasn’t been lived in for years, derelict. They created long stairs for the characters to run up and down, that for me seemed to create a gradual build to something. There must have been something at the top of the stairs. Also a child’s room. A sweet little room, distorted from the innocence of it as soon as the woman in black steps in it. The play ended at a climactic cliff-hanger and it was gradually built up to a high point of tension. I personally didn’t find it a fear-provoking piece of drama although I know others did, and I can understand how it happened. People were sucked into the drama and its world and certain things didn’t remove them from it. I felt that all of the clicking and the people in the audience screaming just distracted me too much for me to actually enjoy it. I thought that they made a great effort with only two actors, it must have been a lot of hard work, and it used lots of great techniques. They definitely used role play a lot, when becoming different characters and acting out their situations. Marking the moment, using sound and light to emphasis something, such as the immensely tense movement towards the door; will he open it won’t he? Clear usage of crosscutting to show us different times they also used different lighting to show this. Narration, this kept informing u s of what was going on, Mr Kipps was telling us the story. I think that the playwright wrote the play to make the audience think about death, how it is a time of isolation. Maybe to make us remember a time when we were scared, something that everyone can relate to. Fear. I think he also wanted to tell a story that would excite people and to bring the typical ghost story to the 2lst century. People enjoy being scared because they get to use their imagination. Most of the play just really reminded me of childhood memories, something that everyone in the audience could relate to. Being scared of the darkness, that children’s room with the music coming from a doll, the excitement of discovering something, bag loads of curiocity.This was why we felt so involved, small parts of the play would have related to us as the audience. We all know it is safe environment/ atmosphere, and that the play isn’t real life, but there is still that sense of danger. The thrill of not knowing something. The idea that we have all been scared in our lives, something that we can relate to. The thing is that I thought most things were just too predictable. We knew something was going to happen, we could kind of guess what would happen; we just didn’t know when it would happen. How to cite Live Theatre Review, Papers

Defense in Depth

Question: Discuss about theDefense in Depth. Answer: Introduction The computer network and systems in todays world is becoming increasingly prone to the threats of various kinds of attacks that are sophisticated in nature and has been recognized as a matter of concern in the information industry today. There is a need to create stronger defenses against these attacks and this is accepted by the corporate organizations as these attacks contain multiple exploits (Ahmad and Maynard, 2013). These security organizations are on a constant lookout for counter measures in order to improve their defensive potential. A defense in depth is a military principle using multiple security counter measure in a coordinated manner that helps to protect the probity of the information in an organization. It is a strategy which makes it difficult for an enemy to tackle a system that is multi layered in nature instead of single barrier (Rocha, Gros and Moorsel, 2013). Various Components of Defense and their Importance: The core idea behind the defense in depth is to combine various components of technology in order to build up a management of good security which would in turn form many layers of defensive mechanism for the protection against external intrusions. Before forming the component parts of a defensive mechanism one needs to follow certain procedures like a setting up a team of security professionals who are experienced led by a security chief who would be behind the engineering of a defense in depth formula .(Wilkinson, Batke, Hall and Jasper, 2011). The policies that define clearly the uses of the corporate computer networks and resources should be well communicated so that it enables the users to clearly understand the potential threats to the vulnerable information assets. Finally, training happens to be important for the people who would be the first ones to respond if an incident occurs (Wilkinson, Batke, Hall and Jasper, 2011). The defense in depth consists of various components and it is these components that help it to function effectively and smoothly. Each component is interconnected to one another and complements each other in such a way that a complete security scenario is created. Going by the broad categories the defense in depth primarily entails the internal network, the perimeter and most importantly a human factor (Liu and Cheung, 2012). These together consist of many components of their own without which it would not be sufficient to secure networks of computers. The components that are going to be discussed below, used for defense in depth are primarily: Firewalls which are found in both hardware as well as software The anti-spyware programs for software Hierarchical passwords Biometric verification in hardware or software Intrusion detection system both in hardware or software. Along with these, there are some other components which include physical protection and personnel training, both being external in nature. Both these components are related to the people who are handling the computers and they must be well trained to comply with the defense mechanisms (Jajodia, Noel and Kalapa, 2011). Firewalls: This is a kind of software that is used for protecting the personal computers from any hacking attacks or malware. This can be accessed easily by the masses and can be also downloaded from any security companies that are trustworthy. The two kinds of firewalls that a usually found are the hardware firewalls that uses the computer like an appliance enabling to run the software that helps in blocking the traffic from outside that is unwanted (Mensch and Wilkie, 2011). Furthermore the firewall appliance can be updated with new regulations to prevent threats that are evolving or direct malware or hacks. If the new rules are updated then this software would help to protect all the machines that are attached to the computer network. The software firewall makes use of modern techniques like port filtering, application level filtering and stateful packet inspection in a combined manner. This software is made a part of the operating systems, for example, in case of Windows it is presented as an application that helps to run a stand-alone computer which helps in guarding the entire network (Chen and Zhao, 2012). The firewall software is capable of detecting new connections that is not present in the set of regulations provided and one can either accept or reject the new connection request on this basis. Anti-spyware programs: This is a kind of program that is created to defend and detect any spyware programs that are, if in case installed in the computer and are unwanted in nature. This program may also help in removing these programs if they are already installed. Spyware is a kind of malware that could be installed in the computer without the user even knowing it. These spyware collect information about the user without their knowledge. Lavesson , Boldt and Davidsson , 2011).The anti-spyware programs helps in monitoring any incoming data via any emails or from websites or for that matter from any files that are downloaded on the computer. This in turn helps to prevent the spyware programs to invade the operating system of the computer. Anti-spyware programs can be useful in blocking not only spyware but also viruses (Seybert and Loof, 2010). Hierarchical passwords: This program is designed in such a manner where a set of passwords are computed in a hierarchical structure where the password that is present at the higher level in hierarchy has greater autonomy in giving permission that the passwords that a present in the lower level of the hierarchy. This security system is also known as multilevel password protection. This is a special security feature that helps to protect the computer, its network or any database from any unauthorized usage. The password set in the linear order enable the users to have control over the host machine at various levels (Main and Johnson, 2010). When a password identifies the entry of a password in the system of hierarchy, the access to all applications in the application group that is associated with that password is automatically activated. The same process is followed in the lower hierarchy of password as well. Biometric verification: A technology that helps in identifying a person in any system with the help of his distinguished biological characteristics. This is a full proof and unique system of identifying any person and the identifiers generally include signatures, fingerprints, iris and retina patterns, DNA, geometry of the hands or ear or even the voice waves of a person (Vacca, 2012). The system that is locked with the help of biometric verification can be only accessed when the same person puts forward the pattern be it the fingerprint or any other traits. When the password is set using such biological characteristics, it is stored in the database of the computer, which helps in identifying this analog data afterwards. With the beginning of computerized databases and the digitization of the data the personal identification with the help of biometric verification has become almost instant. (Horng , Su , Chen , Kao and Chen , 2011). Intrusion detection (ID): This system is a security management technique which could be used in both networks as well computer. Intrusion detection helps to identify security breaches that are possibly present in the network or the computer which includes both the misuse that could be from within the organization itself or external intrusions. It collects data and gathers information about these possible breaches. ID makes use of vulnerability assessment, often called scanning, a technology that is utilized for the assessment of computers and its networks. Potential Risks of these Components: As already discussed that all the various components together form the defense in depth and even if one goes missing, it can pose a threat to the security of the organization. If the firewalls be it hardware or software is missing from the component then it is likely that the security risk is likely to increase. If the operating system does not have firewall of its own it is prone to malware and other external hackings. As anti-spyware programs are equally important as an anti-virus system in the computer, if they are not used it would make an organizations computers available to the outside world. This means that the data contained in these computers also become vulnerable (Liao, Lin, Lin and Tung, 2013). If not installed, the detection of any spyware present in the computer without the knowledge of the user becomes impossible thus making posing a threat to the computer as well the identity of the user and the organization. The hierarchical password if not designed and included in the security of the organization, makes the networks and computer systems vulnerable to risks related to password authentication. It makes is easier to capture the network traffic and gain control over the networks. The password as they are encrypted would have made it almost impossible to attain it and thus capture the traffic. Furthermore is not something that is stored by the clients, thus if not installed, makes the network easily accessible. As the biometric verification cannot be easily copied or duplicated, if not set up makes it very easy for hackers to access and gain control over the data that might be sensitive in nature. This would also increase the risk of identity swapping or undocumented access or even credential replacement in an organization (Vacca, 2012). Lastly, if intrusion detection is not installed, the malicious entry of any unknown attacks would not be detected by the computer network. The analysis of the on-going traffic or any other transaction would not be possible. Also the distinction between the baseline behaviour andon-going activities was near to impossible if not for the intrusion detection. Conclusion: The defense in depth seeks to minimize the possibilities of vindictive hackers to get hold of vulnerable information. Defense in depth is such a mechanism that would provide security to the computer network in a manner that even if one of the defensive mechanisms fails to succeed, the other will in the position to tackle the attack. References: Ahmad, A., Maynard, S. B., Park, S. (2014). Information security strategies: towards an organizational multi-strategy perspective.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,25(2), 357-370. Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Horng, S. J., Su, M. Y., Chen, Y. H., Kao, T. W., Chen, R. J., Lai, J. L., Perkasa, C. D. (2011). A novel intrusion detection system based on hierarchical clustering and support vector machines.Expert systems with Applications,38(1), 306-313. Jajodia, S., Noel, S., Kalapa, P., Albanese, M., Williams, J. (2011, November). Cauldron mission-centric cyber situational awareness with defense in depth. InMilitary Communications Conference, 2011-MILCOM 2011(pp. 1339-1344). IEEE. Lavesson, N., Boldt, M., Davidsson, P., Jacobsson, A. (2011). Learning to detect spyware using end user license agreements.Knowledge and Information Systems,26(2), 285-307. Liao, H. J., Lin, C. H. R., Lin, Y. C., Tung, K. Y. (2013). Intrusion detection system: A comprehensive review.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,36(1), 16-24. Liu, C., Cheung, L. C. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,261,337. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Main, A., Johnson, H. J. (2010).U.S. Patent No. 7,797,549. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Mensch, S., Wilkie, L. (2011). Information security activities of college students: An exploratory study.Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences,14(2), 91. Rocha, F., Gross, T., van Moorsel, A. (2013, March). Defense-in-depth against malicious insiders in the cloud. InCloud Engineering (IC2E), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 88-97). IEEE. Seybert, H., Lf, A. (2010). Internet usage in 2010Households and Individuals.Data in focus,50, 2010. Vacca, J. R. (2012).Computer and information security handbook. Newnes. Wilkinson, J., Batke, B. A., Hall, K. H., Jasper, T. J., Kalan, M. D., Vitrano, J. B. (2011).U.S. Patent No. 7,966,659. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Food Bourne Illness Essay Example

Food Bourne Illness Essay Foodborne illnesses are defined as any illness that you receive from the consumption of food that has been contaminated by a certain bacteria, virus, or parasite. Salmonella is a common foodborne illness found in beef, poultry, milk, and eggs. It has an estimated 1. 2 million cases every year just in the United States. Salmonellosis is also known as Salmonella. According to Salmonella (n. d. , â€Å"Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, predominately motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0. 7 to 1. 5 um, lengths from 2 to 5 um, and flagella which grade in all directions (i. e. pertirichous) (). It is closely related to Escherichia groups. This foodborne illness is a bacteria that can cause illness in intestines in people and animals. There are approximately around two thousand serotypes that cause this human disease. Salmonella can target any age group but the greatest of risk are infants, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.Th is foodborne illness is transferred through either food or water that is contaminated or having contact with an infected animal. Salmonella lives in a human or animal intestinal tract. The food is contaminated usually with animal feces. You usually contract this illness through beef, poultry, milk, and eggs. However you can be in contact with Salmonella through vegetables that are contaminated. Salmonella can also be passed to food by the hands of an infected person who didn’t wash their hands after using the restroom.Salmonella is transmitted by fecal to oral spread. It is not spread by coughing or sneezing. The United States have had many outbreaks of Salmonella. One of these outbreaks happened recently in June of 2012. There were sixty-six cases reported in twenty different states. Among these cases there was one fatality and sixteen people put in the hospital. It was an outbreak of Salmonella Montevideo. This particular outbreak was linked to chicks and ducklings located in the Estes Hatchery in Springfield, Missouri. Salmonella first broke out around February 28, 2012.There are three different types of illnesses Salmonella can cause which are gastroenteritis, typhoid fever, and bacteremia. If you are experiencing symptoms such as abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and/or fever then you are probably experiencing Salmonella gastroenteritis. Mild cases can be non-bloody and also occur many times a day. Typhoid fever or enteric fever is caused by Salmonella serotype typhi. You notice these symptoms about five to twenty one days after ingestion of bacteria. The symptoms include cough, sore throat, headache, constipation, and a rash on your chest.Slowing of your heartbeat and enlargement of the liver and spleen may also occur. Bacteremia is infection of tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord also known as meningitis and infection in the bloodstream known as sepsis. According to Outbreak, Inc. (2005-2012) â€Å"Salmonella enter and ci rculate within an infected individual’s bloodstream, and is accompanied by few symptoms† (Complications of Salmonella Infection). Symptoms become noticeable in about twelve to thirty six hours and last about three to ten days for Salmonella.Many things can be done to prevent getting Salmonella. You should always cook your poultry, meats, and eggs all the way through. The heat actually kills the Salmonella bacteria. Be careful handling uncooked meat and make sure not to cross contaminate and always wash your hands after being in contact with raw meat. Meat, poultry, eggs, and anything that contains these products should always be kept refrigerated. Make sure you avoid drinking any water out of a stream, lake, ocean, etc. According to Communicable Disease Epidemiology Program (n. . ), â€Å"Don’t drink raw milk, or eat unpasteurized diary products† (How can you keep from getting it? ). Always wash your hands after changing a babies bottom is another precauti on to take. Avoid any animal droppings and wash your hands after handling animals. In conclusion Salmonella is a foodborne illness having to do with meats, poultry, raw eggs, and milk which can be prevented by washing your hands thoroughly and keep from cross contamination. You should look for your symptoms early and expect them to last a few days at the least.References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n. d. ) Salmonella. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/salmonella/montevideo-06-12/index. html Centers for Disease Control Prevention. (n. d. ). Salmonella. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/salmonella/general/diagnosis. html Clark, M. (2005-2012). How to prevent a Salmonella infection. Retrieved from http://www. about-salmonella. com/salmonella prevention/ Communicable Disease Epidemiology Program. (n. d. ). Salmonella. Retrieved from http://www. cdphe. state. co. s. dc. epidemiology/salm fs. html Oberg, Valle. (2011, August). Eleven steps to prevent salmonella. Stree t Articles (). Outbreak, Inc. (2005-2012). Symptoms of Salmonella infection. Retrieved from http://www. about-salmonella. com/salmonella_symptoms_risks Salmonella prevention. (n. d. ) Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/salmonella/general/prevention. html Salmonella. (n. d. ) Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/salmonella/general/index. html Salmonella. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Salmonella

Coronary Heart Disease Essay Example

Coronary Heart Disease Essay Example Coronary Heart Disease Paper Coronary Heart Disease Paper Coronary heart disease, just as the name suggests is disease that affects the heart. This condition affects the blood vessels that are responsible of supplying the heart with oxygen known as coronary arteries. Usually this condition is characterized by the accumulation of fats and cholesterol inside the coronary arteries making the process of supply of blood to the heart difficult (Jean, L. 2000). To help us understand how exactly the coronary heart disease occurs it may be important to know how the heart works to ensure that the heart is constantly beating. The heart has four main chambers which are the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium and the left ventricle. The blood from other body parts enters the heart through the right atrium. From this chamber the blood flows to the right ventricle where it is pumped to the lungs in order to be supplied with oxygen. The oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the left atrium where it is then pushed to the left atrium and pumped at great pressure. It is this process that ensures that the heart beats normally (Grace, M. L Allan, G. 2004). The pumping of blood in the left ventricle is very powerful since it is the one that ensures stable flow of blood throughout the body. When a person is born the inner lining of the arteries is smooth and hence there is free and easy flow of blood. However as a person advances in age the level of calcium and cholesterol begins to build up making the inner lining of the arteries thick and hence prevent free flow of blood. This is the genesis of the coronary heart disease begins. It is not always that the inner lining of the arteries become thick as one ages. It by and large depends on a person’s habits. Some habits that cause the levels of calcium and cholesterol to rise include smoking, lack of exercise and feeding in foods that have high levels of calcium and cholesterol. What are The Major Causes of the Coronary Heart Disease? As already mentioned this condition is caused by the accumulation of cholesterol and fatty substances on the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. As a result these vessels are not able to allow free flow of blood and as a result the heart develops a defect. The major causes of this condition include smoking. This includes all tobacco containing substances and not only the smoked tobacco but also the one in chewed form. High Blood pressure is yet another condition that causes this heart and so does hypertension contribute. Lack of exercise and feeding on foods that are rich in cholesterol and fats will eventually lead to this condition although it may take a long time (Jean, L. 2000). It is also important to note that the coronary heart disease is hereditary. This means that it runs through the blood family lineage and one may acquire it from other family members. Other conditions that lead to this heart defect include obesity, stress brought about by emotions and dia betes. Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease The most devastating yet the most common symptom of coronary heart disease is cardiac arrest which mainly attacks people who have had heart attacks previously. Other common symptoms of this disease include general discomfort by the patient, dizziness, running out of breath especially when involved in a physical exercise however small it maybe. Palpitation is also a common symptom where the patient experiences rapid heart beats which then cease after sometime only for them to return after a while making the patient uncomfortable. A patient is also likely to experience pain on the jaws, at the back and on the left arm. More often patients suffering from this condition experience hearts that are not regular and this leads to lightheadedness and the patient may collapse (Sandeep, G, A. John, C.1999). If a person experiences any one or more of the above mentioned symptoms, it is advisable to seek medical care as soon as is practically possible. This is because as far as this condition goes, time is of essence. Should you delay for too long after experiencing any of the mentioned symptoms then the condition could eventually be fatal. According to a research done by medical practitioners many of those who die because of this condition could have survived if only the condition was diagnosed early enough (Grace, M. L Allan, G. 2004). Tests and Medical Examinations In the hospital medical practitioners do not merely reach to the conclusion that you are suffering from coronary heart disease. They need to actually diagnose you with the disease and therefore they carry out tests to ascertain whether exactly whether you are suffering from the heart disease. To begin with doctors will always carry out screening tests to find out whether there is actually presence of this condition and if so to what extent i.e. its severity. Blood tests are common as they help to ascertain the composition of the blood cells of the patient and to reveal if he patient has been suffering from attacks. Electrocardiogram is yet another test that is carried out and it helps ascertain al defects that the heart may be having. It helps confirm diagnosis of the coronary heart disease. X-ray of the chest helps establish if there any abnormalities of the heart especially as far as the shape and size of the heart are concerned. It also helps to detect if there are any fluids that have built up in the lungs (Jean, L. 2000). Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease Upon being diagnosed with this condition it is of utmost importance to observe instructions of the medical practitioner so as to prevent the condition from deteriorating. To begin with it is important to change one’s lifestyle. As mentioned already some of the causes of this condition include some habits like smoking and eating foods that are rich in fats and cholesterol (Sandeep, G, A. John, C.1999). Hence when one is diagnosed with this condition it would only be wise to refrain from any habit that may make the condition worse. Patients are also advised to observe a healthy diet. By so doing one ensures that the intake of fatty foods is reduced and hence the risk of the condition getting worse is lessened. Patients are also advised that they should ensure that their intake of fat is reduced considerably. As matter of fact the required intake for people suffering from this condition is less than thirty percent of all foods taken on average by a person daily. Regular exercise as part of treatment of the coronary heart disease is also highly recommended. The argument of medical practitioners is that when a patient engages himself or herself in regular exercises the cholesterol and the fats tend to melt hence making one more fit and hence reduces the risk that comes with this disease. Another major step that really works in helping in reducing the risks of this condition is to quit to smoking. This works as a great advantage in reducing the severity of the condition. Medical research shows that upon quitting smoke, within a period of 36 months the risk of a smoker drops considerably to that of a person who suffers the same condition but is a non-smoker. It is therefore of paramount importance to adhere strictly to personal discipline (Jean, L. 2000). If a patient suffering from this condition is in addition suffering from high blood pressure and diabetes, one is advised to keep themselves in check all the time to ensure that their sugar levels and blood pressure are stable. By so doing the chances of this condition worsening is reduced considerably. Taking a dose aspirin on a daily basis helps reduce the frequent attacks that one may experience as result of the coronary heart disease. However one must ensure that the dose is low level and not high level. Conclusion Coronary heart disease can be fatal or manageable depending on how early it is diagnosed and how well one restricts themselves to the instructions of the medical practitioners. And as the saying goes prevention far much better than cure. It is therefore important to ensure that you avoid all habits that are likely to cause this condition. Most importantly one needs to strictly observe their diet. By so doing one is almost sure that they are safe from this defect of the heart. Reference: Grace, M. Lindsay, Allan Gaw. (2004). Coronary heart disease prevention: London: Elsevier Health Sciences. Jean, Lequime. (2000). Prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease and its complications. New York: University of Michigan. Sandeep, Gupta, A. John, Camm. (1999). Chronic Infection, Chlamydia and Coronary Heart Disease. London: Springer.

Pontecaster Car Rally case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pontecaster Car Rally case report - Essay Example The advice that could be given to Pontecaster depends on its rights or responsibilities in the contract. But before the obligation could arise from the contract, there is a need to establish whether there is a contract. A contract exists when the following elements occur: offer and acceptance, consideration, certainty of agreement and intention to create legal relations (University of London, 2007). If such a contract does exist between the parties, it could now be asked whether the rights of Pontecaster are being protected. On the other hand, Pontecaster may have responsibilities to be done under the contract which may make it at fault. As far as the issue on whether there is a contract between the parties on the basis of the presence or absence of offer and acceptance, consideration , certainty of agreement and intention of create legal relations, this paper submits that they parties are presumed to have a contract because the question presupposes the existence of such contract. As far as its rights under the contract (which is presumed to exist based on the question), it becomes an issue whether it can it ask â€Å"Grubs up† to pay for breach of contract. The case facts provide that there was confusion as to actual date of the sports event but it was also provided that Pontecaster had already contracted â€Å"Grubs up† (Emphasis supplied). The fact that there was contract already, â€Å"Grubs up† must have been ready to meet the obligations including the day when the car rally event would have been held. As far as its responsibilities in the contract is concerned, Pontercaster may be held liable for its failure to conduct the event in its earlier designated time, if there is any, as per its contract with â€Å"Grubs up†. On the other hand, in the absence of the of a definite dates of the event that was agreed upon, such may indicate lack of intention to be bound for which â€Å"Grubs up† may not be liable.

Automobile Industry in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Automobile Industry in China - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to discuss more thoroughly on these points and more, and to offer a more in-depth and comprehensive point of view on the situation of the impact on the automobile industry in China after China's accession into the WTO. "Since the beginning of economic reform and its opening to the outside world, China's economy has been growing at a rate of nearly 10 percent annually and its external trade has expanded by more than 15 percent a year. In 1999 China's trade volume reached $360.7 billion, ranking 9th in the world, with export volume reaching $195 billion. China has emerged to become an important player in world trading system." (Zhai & Li, 2000). Negotiations over China's accession into the WTO immediately provoked a debate between "pessimists who believed that opening the economy would lead to a flood of imports and a de-nationalization of manufacturing industry, and those who believed that it would spur rationalization of state-owned enterprises, lock in domestic reforms, attract foreign investment, and open the way for trade expansion." (Noble et al). Th The aim of this paper is to thoroughly realize and discuss these interests and more, in order to come to a clearer and more understanding point of view on the particular situation. In order to do this, the following questions must be addressed: 1. What is the WTO 2. What was China's automobile industry like before China joined the WTO. 3. What was the impact on the automobile industry in China after China's accession into the WTO 4. What conclusions can be drawn from this occurrence By discussing these three questions, we can more precisely comprehend and opinionate on this subject matter. This is what will be dissertated in the following. What is the WTO The WTO (World Trade Organization) is an organization which consists of 123 signatory countries. Established on January 1, 1995, and based in Geneva, the WTO replaced the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) as the most primary legal and institutional foundation among the multilateral trading system of member countries. The aim and prime purpose of the WTO is to set forth the principal contractual obligations which determine how governments outline and execute domestic trade legislation and regulations. Through debate, negotiations, and adjudication, the WTO is the literal platform on which trade relations among separate countries evolve. The WTO is in all actuality the sole organization which deals with the rules of trade between nations. Since the time of its inception, which took place in 1999, protestors and anti-globalization movement contesters have targeted the WTO as a main place of impact. This is because the WTO promotes economic

FOREX (Foreign Exchange Market ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FOREX (Foreign Exchange Market ) - Essay Example When UK joined the ERM, her DM rate stood at 2.95, slightly above the minimum requirement for the euro zone (Friedman and Woodford 182). In a bid to migrate the ERM loss, UK should have tried not to overvalue the pound. The overvaluation caused ripples in economic markets, allowing speculators to make profits at the expense of economic failure. Drawing from the above diagram, UK government could have migrated losses by avoiding buying of pounds using foreign exchange reserves. As the diagram suggests, 1990 and 1992 exhibits inhibited economic growth and significantly high inflation. Artificial overvaluation of the pound under such circumstances proved catastrophic to the UK. By 1992, UK base rates were on a decline trend as the above diagram suggests. However, the actual scenario on the ground was different. UK had revised interest rates upwards, an aspect that further accelerated economic failure. In response, UK left ERM, cut interest rates, and embarked on economic growth stimulation through inflation reduction, housing market corrections, and employment

Comparing Education Systems- Saudi Arabia and UK

Comparing Education Systems- Saudi Arabia and UK This essay will focus on the comparison between the education system in Saudi Arabia and England. When the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932, education was not easy to get to everyone and limited to individual teaching at religious school in mosques or by private teacher at home. (Al-obaid,2006) These schools taught Islamic law and basic writing and reading skills. By the end of the century, Saudi Arabia had a national educational system given that, a free education to student from primary school to high school through university to all students. The objectives of the Saudi education policy are to make sure that education becomes well-organized, to meet the religious, economic and social needs of the country and reduce the number of uneducated in the community (Al-Obaid,2006). As a result of that, thousands of primary, intermediate and high schools have been started by the Ministry of Education and the General Presidency of Girls Education. General education system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has three different levels, six years of primary school starting from age seven years old and three years each of intermediate and high school (Saudiembassy,2004). First the students have to start from primary school and the child starts in this level at the age of 6 to 12. In this first period they study for example, Arabic art education, mathematics, home economics (for girls) and Islamic studies. When the students pass this level they move directly to the next level. This is the intermediate school .In general, the student will be 12 years old when they enter this school and they stay until they are 15 years old, which is three years. The subjects they study will be the same however, they are higher level than primary school and they take new subjects such as, English, geography, history, physical education, religious studies and science. After the intermediate school the student starts their high school, which is usually between the ages of 15 to 18. The first year is a general year and students study of all subjects. Consequently, they will be able to choose what they will study in the next tow years. There are three different kinds of subjects in high school general, religion and technology high school. After the first year of high school student have the ability to choose between scientific studies or literary studies. There are also vocational schools that train in agriculture, technical and business studies take place at the universities. Every year student has exams if the pass they will move to the next level but if they do not, they have to retake the same level. The government of Saudi Arabia has always recognized the importance of providing educational opportunities to girls as well as boys, by the developing have been since the first government school has been built in 1964(Ministry of education,2006). By 1999, there were eight universities and a large number of other institutions of higher education, by 2003, there were also several private institutes of higher education with more planned. Another was to establish undergraduate and postgraduate in most disciplines at Saudi universities and colleges (Ministry of education ,2006). As a result, Saudi student can now obtain degrees in almost any field within the country and only if necessary pursue specializations aboard. For example King Abdullah University of science and technology (KAUST), which is the newest university in the country, and focus on areas of science and technology that are important to Saudi Arabia the region and the world. Therefore, the Saudi government provides support to student every year by spending billion of billion dollars on education development. This huge number includes a monthly allowance of about 145 pound given to the student study literature and about 200 pound to student study science to pay for books, transport and accommodation also for life expense. On the other hand, cause of given allowance for the student that to help them to travel from their village or town to the nearest big city because the country has University only in big city (Ministry of higher education,2000). The students do not have to repay the money been spent on them back to the government when the finish their study in the university. However, there are some strict rules regarding this monthly allowance, the student have to be attending most of the classes, except the ones with an excuse, also the student have to maintain at least a 2.0 grade to be able to get the allowance from the government. In case of retaking a module the student should get a warning letter and if they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t improve their performance the student would be held until the grade mark at least 2.0( Middle East Finance and Economy.1996 ). The education system in the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s run by the government as well and is free for all children from 5 to 16 furthermore, the education in England is compulsory for all children in that aged. The UK has worked hard to improve the education (BBC,2000) . As a result, the education system in the UK is one of the strongest in the world, it is divided into four main parts or four key stages, for each subject and for each key stage, programmes of study set up what pupils should be taught. At primary education which generally included key stage one and tow begins at age 5 year old continues until age 11 year old, studying during this period subjects such as English, mathematics and science, in English for example they learn speaking by telling stories, both real and imagined also they learn to listen carefully and to show their understanding of what can they see and what can they hear by making relevant comments with growing attention to what they listen to. In addition, student learn reading by reading stories, poetry and picture books (British council,2008). After six years student will go to secondary school automatically for key stages three and four they spend five years in this level from age of eleven to age of sixteen. Student study as at key stage one and tow, plus a modern foreign language, in this subject, a programme has been set up for key stage three and key stage four in to different parts learning and using the target language, that covers the skills and understanding that should be developed through the target language at both stages and areas of experience, this sets out the broad topic areas that provide contexts for learning and using the target language at each key stage. (Department for education,1995).

Essay --

The basis of this paper examines the impacts of the social, political, and religious movements through a multi-layer study of the Dancing Plague in Strasbourg from the early 1200s through the early 1500s. By analyzing this historic, but rather odd dancing hysteria, these movements created severe forms of depression, stress, and anxiety that ultimately led to high levels of psychosis within the community. The time period studied includes the Bundschuh uprisings and peasantry gains to Strasbourg citizenship, the religious justifications for diseases and the emergence of powerful saints, and the severe hunger strikes which resulted from years of failed crops and abnormal climate changes. This analysis uses several major sermons from Lutheran theologians such as Matthà ¤us Zell and Martin Bucer, eyewitness reports of those present in Strasbourg before, during, and after the Dancing Plague, and medical reports from Strasbourg physician, Johann Widmann. Likewise, this study challenges the pre-Reformation argument that the Dancing Plague was a form of punishment sent from God, but rather induced by biological and psychological means. The various Strasbourg movements challenged the inequalities and injustices of the Church towards the peasantry, which created severe and impossible living conditions for the peasantry. This in turn, resulted in approximately four hundred citizens dancing feverishly in the streets of Strasbourg in the summer of 1518. Located on the southeastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, Strasbourg, flourished as a major agricultural market and transportation center. The region’s landscape provided equilibrium between the two most important natural resources: grain and wine. The plains abundantly provided the city wi... ...areas designated specifically within the city and were barred from wearing luxurious accessories. Likewise, gamblers were forced to entertain themselves with card and dice players in gambling dens. The crops for the following year improved dramatically, which reinforced the belief that the city was divinely rewarded for purifying the city. However, the excitement was short-lived as Europe became introduced to syphilis. The first acknowledged record of the reported disease was on February 22, 1495 during King Charles VIII invasion of Naples. Syphilis crept into Strasbourg through mercenary pike men, or Landsknechts, on return from the Italian wars and came in contact with Spanish troops who had sexual relations with prostitutes. In the spring of the same year the executive head of the city, or the Ammsister, reported of having a â€Å"bad pox† unseen before in the city.

Circle Of Trust

As I reminisce about the required readings of this week's lessons, I am reminded of the phrase â€Å"Circle of Trust†. The words are simple enough, but the meaning behind it is so profound. According to Palmer, the circle of trust is not just about familiar and comfortable relationships between family, friends and loved ones. The circle of trust is truly about the relationship that a person builds or creates within every space of their lives.Rather that space be your personal life, your cultural interactions or your vocational life. â€Å"A circle of trust can form wherever two or three are gathered-?as long as those two or here known how to create and protect a space for the soul† (Palmer, 2004). Palmers analysis of how important trust is to the soul, is mirrored with the beliefs of Dry. West, Boers, Chestier, and Villainies. In Dry. West's book, Race Matters, Dry. West speaks about the damaged and strained relationships between the black race and current society.He co ntends that if humanity is willing to find a common place in their hearts for acceptance (admitting of pain), for forgiveness ( afflicted of pain) and for progression (healing); a circle of trust can begin to shape. We have to recognize that there cannot be relationships unless there is commitment, unless there is loyalty, unless there is love, patience, persistence† (West, 1994). The idea of structuring a framework of mutual respect, compassion and acceptances of others personal differences; rather it be ethnicity, culture or ethics, can broaden and strengthen the circle of trust.Notwithstanding, in Dry. West's video Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism, Dry. West continues to stress the value of nurturing the human spirit to be humble and democratic when interacting with all humanity. Dry. West goes on to say this is important because when all human beings are valued, we as a society will win. â€Å"The greatest intellectual, moral, political, and spirit ual resources in America that may renew the soul and preserve the future of American democracy reside in this multiracial, rich democratic heritage† (West, 2005).In Victor Villager's book, Burro Genius A Memoir, Villainies revealed how living as a Mexican American, the lack of empathy and compassion from society disrupted his inner truth and relationships with others. He goes on to say that once the people in his community, his world, and in his space where willing to embrace and expand their cultural awareness; his soul became alive. â€Å"The beginning of all wisdom is to understand that you don't know. To know is the enemy of all learning. To be sure is the enemy of wisdom† (2004).This notion of expanding ones inner circle and allowing the soul to trust the unknown; and the spirit to challenge the unfamiliar can be linked to Arthur Boers' book Living into Focus. In Living into Focus, Boers deems that as a society, we are living our lives in a state of distraction and comfort. As a society, we have become so distracted with technology, gadgets, and television, that we have lost focus Of the important things in life. We are now experts in comfortable and non-challenging state of affairs or relationships.This according to Boers, has caused us to lose focus on relationships, humanity, spiritual and inner growth. â€Å"When we allowing devices and machines to reside at the center of our lives, we displace values and practices that once enriched the quality of how we live. Which end up serving our gadgets instead of using them as tools to support our priorities. Technology itself becomes the center and purpose of how we live' (Boers, 2012). The study of these authors and their analysis on life, family and culture has allowed me to do some self-reflecting.I am reminded that the role of my family plays a tremendous part in my interactions and relationship with others. Come from a Christian background and my ethics and moral compass guides my actions. I have always made an honest effort to treat people the way that I would want people to treat me; and I often have people I work with say to me, wow, you are so nice. To me, being nice and genuine with people is part of my ethical framework. It is not something that I have to work at.It is something that has been instilled and demonstrated in my everyday life. My parents have and continue to be an example of what it means to have circles of trust in every area of life. Remember as a child, my parents would always say, â€Å"when you are in school, you are a reflection of us†. When I became older, they would say, where you go, you are a reflection of us†. That statement has always been the ethical orientation of life. It shaped my relationships with friends, co-workers, my students, my colleagues and strangers alike.I never wanted or want to disappoint my parents or my self, and so conduct my life accordingly. When I am engaging or interacting with my friends or with peo ple in general, my ethical foundation of having mutual respect for others is always on display. This also holds true when I interact with my students. I treat all of my students with respect and value. I make it my mission to teach my students how to treat others, how to interact with others and how to have respect for homeless.My circle of trust is always expanding, and the more add to my circle, the more fulfilled I become. Know can't and don't want to live in this huge world alone, so I try to bring as many people as can along with me for the ride. My dad always says, â€Å"you can't go to heaven all by yourself†, and while you are living, visit the elderly, give to the mother and fatherless, offer a kind word to the hopeless and let Christ be your reason†. I try to live everyday by this motto, and in doing so, I hope that the circle that I am creating is one that will never be broken.

Animal Farm by George Orwell.

Animal Farm by George Orwell. The novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is an allegory portraying the dangers of a totalitarian government. It seeks to show how a society where all live completely equal has not been, and cannot be achieved. Orwell, through the use of the character Squealer, shows how propaganda can affect members of a communist society in a negative way. By drawing parallels to events in communist Russia, Orwell's Animal Farm illustrates how propaganda was used to control the Soviet people by deceiving them, threatening them and keeping them ignorant in an attempt to maintain order. The story uses simple language to explain and expose the corruption of communist Russia.Throughout the story, Orwell uses Squealer to illustrate how propaganda persuaded and victimized Russian citizens. Squealer is a sly, crafty pig who is not only intelligent, but a manipulative speaker as well. His cunning is key to the deception of the other animals.Leon Trotsky in 1918.When Old Major dies, Snowball and Napoleon the n become the leader of the animals. Snowball is smart, intelligent and passionate while Napoleon, on the other hand, is devious, power consuming and intimidating. Snowball is symbolic of Leon Trotsky. A radical leader known for his phenomenal organizational and conspiratorial skills. Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin, a Soviet dictator. Another pig, Squealer, has a small yet important role in the novel as his persuasive speaking ability is of use to Snowball and Napoleon. These three pigs create a policy and name it "animalism". They explain "animalism" to the other farm animals and soon persuade most of the animals to join in the revolution. The revolution soon takes place and Mr. Jones flees from Manor Farm. Snowball repaints the sign "Manor Farm" to "Animal Farm" and then he and Napoleon introduce the animals to the Seven Commandments, which...

Response to Derek Walcotts Love After Love Essay Example

Response to Derek Walcotts Love After Love Essay Example Response to Derek Walcotts Love After Love Paper Response to Derek Walcotts Love After Love Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The main idea of the poem is about looking back on your life and feasting upon what you have achieved, Feast on your life. I further believe that the poem is about finding your inner self and getting to know the inside of you that you have once known but lost. A key theme of identity revolves around the poem. The poem is about a person who is destined to greet their inner self. Their inner self is a person who has been forgotten over time but now these two people must discover each other once again. The author has not only used a single metaphor he has used an extended metaphor throughout the poem. In the poem Derek Walcott talks about his life, past and present. Instead of simply describing his past life he uses another person (a stranger) to show it. We therefore have two people in the poem, when really we only have one person talking about two different parts of one persons life. Certain words in the poem are used to emphasise a point. The word will shows that something is destined to happen and there is nothing that can be done to stop it. Elation shows that this thing is going to be a good thing and will be greeted with great excitement. Repetition is used in the poem; an example of this is, at your own door, in your own mirror. I believe repetition has been used as it emphasises the fact that it is your own. We are given a religious imagery when Derek Walcott says, Give wine. Give bread. The word stranger (line 7 + 9) implies that these two people do not know each other; they are two new people meeting for the first time. The line Take down the love letters from the bookshelf, the photographs, the desperate notes, I believe is further backing up the earlier point of never regretting and living for the future. If you have bad memories then there is no reason for keeping them, as they will only cause pain. I believe Derek Walcott is trying to tell the reader that they should celebrate their life, live for the future and not regret things that have happened in the past. Peel your own image from the mirror. This line ties in with the theme of greeting someone (himself) whom he has once loved and known but overtime has forgotten. I believe this line is telling the reader to peel away the image they see in the mirror and look inside them self, to find their real identity. This linking again back to one of the key themes. I believe that Derek Walcott has been very clever in the way he has delivered his poem across to the audience. It has been done in such a way that the reader has to think into the poem and from this they can interpret it in their own ways. This therefore makes the poem more interesting then a simple poem, where everything is clear and straightforward. In my own opinion I did not really enjoy studying the poem, I found it hard to come to grips with the use of an extended metaphor. I believe that the poem is an excellent poem, as it has a meaning behind it and a message that it gets across; but I believe this poem was not to my personal taste.

The Peace Treaty Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Peace Treaty - Lab Report Example His 14 points were aimed at improving the conditions of the European states and had little to do with benefiting America. After the war the European countries had no specific direction or plan on what to do. The major concern to the European Allied forces was the division of the lands and reclamation of their own which had been lost to the enemies during the war. They had no idea on how to ensure lasting peace in the world so such an event would never occur again. At such a time America provided a neutral approach to the war as their entrance in the war had put them in the light of a moral crusader attempting to put an end to war as America faced little direct threat from the enemy and no advantage of territorial advances. So whatever the outcome, America would have had no benefits as compared to the European countries directly involved in the fighting. Perhaps that is why America did not enter the war as an ally but an Associated Power. Wilson wished his country to be a role player in providing peace to the world. (Henig, pp.10, 1995) The 14 points of Wilson could be demarcated into two basic categories. The first category contains those points which were generalized in nature and would require equal participation from all the nations. These policies aimed at establishing equality and a sense of fairness among the victors and the defeated. The other policies were more specific in nature addressing issues related to countries directly; such as the issues relating to Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and the Balkan states. The generalized policies proposed by Wilson could be seen as attempts to make the superpowers act more humbly and provide the smaller countries less reason to fear them. He proposed the abolition of hidden treaties which were considered the primary cause for the war in the first place. Another proposal was to have open sea travel over international waters. Decolonialization and disarmament of all countries aimed at removing the resentful image of the superpowers who had led many smaller countries to enter the war because of their colonial power over them. These measures aimed to cut down the possibility of the superpowers using other nations to aid them in their conflicts. Finally an open trade agreement was proposed which was very much similar to the WTO being implemented today. This aimed at providing a fair chance to all the countries to do business rather than facing barriers in trade by larger more powerful countries. These policies were not met with much enthusiasm from the Br itish and French as they believed these policies to not recognize the "hard reality of the situation". (Henig, pp.10, 1995) The specific policies were aimed at restoring the lands lost by the warring nations and in introducing an American style of governance in the countries responsible for the war. But probably the most visionary proposal of the Wilson 14 Points was to have a multilateral international association monitoring the nations and ensuring peace and foreshadowing the League of Nations. This proposal could be seen implemented in the form of the creation of the United Nations in 1945. The proposals made by

Empathy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Empathy - Assignment Example In modern society, the Child Protection Services can easily remove endangered children from unsuitable homes and place them with more deserving families. Allowing a national government to be able to rule over the decisions that women make about their own bodies is a direct violation of their human and civil rights as citizens. Anti-abortionists oppose the practice of abortion because they believe that it is murder as there is a human being killed. Anti-abortionists believe that abortions destroy women’s bodies. Pro- abortionists also believe this; however, for pro-abortionists, there is no alternative for abortion. It is a known fact that abortion is extremely physically as well as emotionally painful. This means that there is hardly any woman who would choose to opt for an abortion without reflecting on the personal cost to her body and mind. According to Thapa and Neupane (2013) there are also anti-abortionists who have claimed that the legalization of abortion could have other unforeseen effects in regards to the practice of the law. Pro-abortionists also recognize this fact. If abortion was only allowed for women who had been forced to experience rape or incest, there is a very real possibility that desperate women would resort to claiming that they were molested in order to be permitted to pro cure an abortion. This would also result in the side effect of falsely accused targets who would be unjustly imprisoned. Many anti-abortionists believe that women who are denied abortions can somehow find the physical and emotional means to love and accept their children once they are born. This is not reality but unsupported idealism. When women choose to subject their bodies to an abortion, it is because they have few if any options. Children deeply affect the lives of their parents. There are many women who do not realize the extent of responsibility that will fall on them once they have a child. They may not be able to cope

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth Coursework

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth - Coursework Example The area of Wandsworth is located in south-west London. The town is located on The River Thames on the south bank. The river Wandle flows into the Thames and this is where Wandsworth received its name. It is also the principle settlement in The "London Borough of Wandsworth" (Medics on the Move). It borders the Bouroughs of Lambeth to the east, Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston Upon the Thames and others. It is surrounded by very wealthy Boroughs. The 2001 Census gave the population of Wandsworth as 260,000 with 78% of the population as White, 9.6% Afro-Caribbean and 6.9% as being South Asian. The list of 354 Districts of England showed that Wandsworth is ranked the largest by area and 24th by population. In population density it ranked 10th and by ethnic diversity it ranted 29th. Today, the projects for Wandsworth show that by the year 2018, there is projected to be 300,000 people in Wandsworth with slightly more women than men. The area is mostly comprised of younger people (47%) between the ages of 20 and 39 with the rest of the population being older (Greater London Authority). NHS Wandsworth shows that in 2009, 290,000 people were living in the Borough. The largest age group is between 20 and 44 while other ages make up the rest of the population. The population is intended to rise in the next five years. Currently, the White race is 78% of the population with "non-whites" making up 22% of the population (includes Black, Asian and those who consider themselves as "other"). The Bourough has a large deprivation within and between the various wards. Wandsworth is ranked 23/30 for deprivation within London PCT and 91/152 for London within PCT's naturally (NHS Wandsworth 6). 1.1 Deprivations The Wandsworth Community Empowerment Fund Project states that the unemployment rate in Wandsworth is currently 8.0%. The following chart shows the income deprivation as of 2007: Although many areas in the Borough show prosperity, household income by ward is a differe nt story. The wealthiest Bourough is Northcote with a mean income of ?51,859 and Roehampton at substantially lower at ?31,141 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In terms of crime, Wandsworth has been a relatively safe place to live in 2006/07 but it has changed since then. Currently, the types of crime in this area include violence against the person, theft from motor vehicles, residential burglary and street crime ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In 2007, there were 1,771 residential burglaries between April and December of that year. Burglary decreased within the last three years. There were 1,442 offenses for street crimes for the same period of time but street crime has also decreased. There were 3,954 offenses for crimes against the person during the same period which is approximately 14.1 offences per 1,000 residents ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Education is another area for deprivation. There are approximately 51,889 young people and children living in the Borough between the ages of 0 and 19 which is 18% of the population. The 2007 census stated that the majority of children living in the Borough are ethnic minorities and primarily black children, which make up 17.9% of the population. In terms of support from the government, 1,628 children and young people were accessing help and 133 children and young people were registered on the Child Protection Register. The Borough also has 74 out of 174 "local super output areas (SOAs)" that are considered the worst 25% of all SOAs nationally which was only 64 in 2004. There are now 24 SOAs listed in the best 25% nationally for deprivation compared to 20 in 2004 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Healthcare in the Borough has some challenges because of the population. Because the majority of the Borough is aged 20 to 44, the younger people do not use

Arming Pilots Essay Example for Free

Arming Pilots Essay After the September 11th attacks on America’s homeland, citizens became aware that action must be taken to protect passengers and pilots from terrorists. Although strict security measures have been put in place at all American airports, the only way to be certain that another terrorist attack does not occur using commercial aircraft lies in arming pilots with handguns. Not only will arming pilots help act as a preventative measure, it will ensure safer air travel and restore faith in America’s main form of long distance travel. Even though the number of hijackings is minuscule compared to the number of flights, arming pilots would be a first line of deterrence and a last line of defense. Some people may argue that other means should be used to stop hijackers, but as is the case with any illegal activity, if a person wants to commit a crime they will find the means. Therefore, the only way to prevent aircraft hijackings is with the use of guns. One alternative way that has been suggested is arming pilots with tasers, electric shock probes. These are considered problematic by many experts and do not guarantee bringing down a hijacker. As Criminal Justice expert Michael Swedemen said, â€Å"Had the pilots on the ill-fated planes on September 11th had stun guns, they might have dropped one of the hijackers, but the remaining three or four still would have overpowered the plane† (Dougherty, 2002, January 22). Arming pilots would also aid airlines in recovering from the economic downfall that has plagued the industry since the attacks. With armed pilots, passengers would know they are safe from any possibility of a hijacking and the only thing that might cause catastrophic damage would be an unforeseen mechanical problem. Should hijackers be among the passengers they could easily be brought down with guns similar to that of a defiant criminal. Opponents have argued that a stray bullet might penetrate the fuselage or inadvertently hit an innocent passenger. The Air Line Pilot’s Association has called for arming pilots using special ammunition that can kill an attacker but not pierce the fuselage (Dougherty, 2002, January 22). Hitting an innocent passenger is a risk that must be taken. One innocent life lost is far better than the possible countless losses on the hijacked aircraft and immanent destruction resulting on the ground. If passengers know that hijackers cannot take control of the plane, millions of Americans would once again begin flying which would improve economic conditions in a hurting industry. Other questions lie in the ability and mental state of a pilot to carry weapons. Senator Bob Smith (R-N. H. said, â€Å"Commercial pilots are trusted with the lives of thousands of Americans every day, and with proper training they could †¦ protect our skies from future acts of terrorism† (Dougherty, 2002, March 19). Pilots are some of the most mentally, physically, and psychologically tested people with hand/eye coordination that is among the best in any profession. Issuing firearms to pilots would, in effect, be like issuing a gun to a police officer. A pilot should be able to defend his aircraft instead of being left defenseless. The second amendment to the Constitution guarantees the right to bear arms. As this is true for a homeowner to protect his family and himself, this should be true for pilots and their aircraft should they come under attack. Although the idea of using air marshals still exists, they are seen as being less effective. Along with ineffectiveness, the cost of placing an air marshal on every flight is unrealistic. A pilot who has undergone the proper training can perform the same task while being paid by the airlines, rather than spending taxpayer’s dollars (Shaw, 2001, September 19). As support for handguns in the cockpit grows, we must ask ourselves if four guns had been in the cockpit on September 11th would 3,000 people be dead, two 110 story buildings have been brought down, the Pentagon attacked, and a nation left in shock? Americans must realize that committed terrorists will be able to get past security, leaving pilots as the last line of defense. Along with pilots, many Americans feel these measures have to be taken in order to make the friendly skies, friendly again.

Is there a Link between Season of Birth and Depression?

Is there a Link between Season of Birth and Depression? Jaanki-Radha Patel Lay Abstract There have been a number of studies conducted to find causes for, and reasons behind depression, and why it affects so many people around the world. One suggestible cause is season of birth. Some studies have shown that the environment can affect ones risk of developing depression, as humans grow a great deal during their first year of life, and the environment varies greatly depending on the season. This literature review will gather together these studies, discuss their findings and analyse their reliability in order to discern the possibility of a link. Scientific Abstract Introduction Mental illness has increasingly become a more prominent aspect of health in the past decade, and with this, investigative research into its origins and causes has surged. A single consideration of this is season of birth, as it has been recorded a number of times that varying factors, both during pregnancy, and postnatally, have significant impacts upon the brain, in both structure and function. Depression is known as the worlds largest leading cause of disability, affecting 350 million people worldwide.[1] This, in itself, is enough reason to consider research into the causes behind depression as vastly important to both medicine and society. Further investigation into mental health and its causation can provide better care to patients, as well as improving and increasing awareness of the devastating effects of depression worldwide. Whilst there are number of theories surrounding the causes of depression, it has become evident that no single factor is necessarily causative; furthermore, a correlation does not necessarily determine causation. This literature review will discuss season of birth and the hand it may play in mental illness, and more specifically, depression. Studies over the years have suggested a relationship between a birth in the autumn and winter months with an increased risk of developing mental illness, particularly in those with a genetic predisposition. These studies will also be appraised with regards to their approach to research, and the relative accuracy and reliability of their results; thus providing us with a more conclusive view on how season of birth could link to depression. There are a number of suggestions of how season of birth could affect ones health, some of which are more established within the scientific community; as example of such is that of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). SAD is defined as recurring episodes of major depression during certain times of the year, more specifically, in winter. The pathological mechanisms behind SAD are believed to be changes in exposure to light; this notion is fortified by the resounding success of light therapy, which has been the focus of seasonal affective disorder treatment since the 1980s.[2][3] Research has found that patients with seasonal affective disorder were more frequently born in the autumn or winter, and less often in the spring or summer, compared with atypical depression. It was therefore concluded that when genetic factors were accounted for, season of birth could play a part in the development of SAD. However, more   research was required to observe the underlying mechanisms for this correlation. Further investigation into season of birth and its potential relationship with mental health has since been performed, and there are various suggestions as to how season of birth can affect exposure of light, infection and nutrients to a developing foetus, and a newborn child. These studies have found a correlation between changes in exposure to environmental factors to specific diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In fact, it was found that risk of developing schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder later in life followed a seasonal distribution; hence directing towards an environmental factor as being potentially causative in disease. Vitamin D As the seasons change, the climate in which a foetus or young child develops, also changes; there are alterations in diet, sunlight, and infection. Researchers also found evidence that suggests that vitamin D deficiency could be causative in the development of psychiatric conditions.      Ã‚   Vitamin D has previously shown itself as pivotal in healthy neurodevelopment of the foetus.[4] The role of vitamin D was only found to have a significant impact on the risk of schizophrenia; whilst links were found to bipolar affective disorder, they were not as significant, and some factors, such as increasing latitude,[5] are believed to have much a much greater impact upon the risk of developing psychiatric conditions.[6] Nevertheless, as vitamin D is crucial in healthy neurodevelopment, it is of note that patients with mental illnesses are shown to have differences in brain structure, more specifically, structural differences in the left superior temporal gyrus.[7] The variations in brain development and structure were observed to have produced marked differences in personality traits and neurobehavioural disorders. An example of this was that males born in the autumn and winter exhibited a larger volume of the superior temporal gyrus; this area of the brain contains the auditory cortex, responsible for interpretation of human language and social interactions.[8] It is fundamentally through the effects of both genetic expression environmental factors, such as perinatal photoperiod, that there are morphological variations in this region, resulting in differences in social interactions and behaviour.[9] It is through these findings that the following question arises; could treatment of vitamin D deficiency during gestation, and during the first few years of life have a significant enough effect upon neurodevelopment, so as to prevent the acquisition of psychiatric conditions? Neurodevelopmental Effects There are many ways in which cranial structure varies as a result of season of birth. A number of studies have displayed changes in brain structure linked to season of birth, with visible differences seen on MRI.9 There are also a number of changes to the brain on a physiological level. Patients with depression have been found to have reduced volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as changes in brain physiology; more extreme responses to the stress hormone, cortisol, and upregulation of the HPA axis. It is widely established that patients with psychiatric conditions have variations in brain structure relative to the normal population, most characterised by the HPA axis, a feedback interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the   adrenal cortex. This interaction is initiated through the release of corticotropic-releasing-hormone (CRH), into the blood of portal circulation by the parvocellular neurosecretory neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In response to this, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland. This results in an excessive release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) into the blood. The increased concentrations of cortisol results a release of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain, and dysregulation of the amygdala. The dysregulation of the HPA axis frequently is a result of stress, which can be defined as any environmental factor that induces stress on the body. Such stresses can include imbalances in nutrition or exposure to infection, both of which could affect the developing foetus or neonate in a profound way. As patients born in the autumn and winter are found to have an increase in exposure to infection, reduced exposure to sunlight (in the northern hemisphere) and a poorer diet relative to those born in the warmer months, a link between season of birth and the increased activity of the HPA axis, and by proxy, depression, becomes evident. The hippocampus and amygdala, two crucial parts of the brain, are components of the limbic system, responsible for emotions and social interactions. It is through their reduced volumes that feelings such as despair and distress remain unregulated, fundamentally resulting in depression. Is it believed that the reduced volume of these parts of the brain are a consequence of a lack of neuroplasticity in patients with depression, as it is disrupted. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly smaller in patients with depression than the normal population. Neuroplasticity allows pruning of synaptic connections that are used less often, and the strengthening of connections used most often. It is believed that under stress, a patient with depression fails to make these adaptations to stressful stimuli, and instead, cell atrophy occurs the reduction or shrinkage in cell size; resulting in a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly smaller in patients with depression than the normal population, thus preventing any recovery, as negative feelings begin to dominate the psyche. The changes in brain structure have multiple causes; it has been found that patients with a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala have so due to modified behavioural expression of dopaminergic interactions. Due to the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, there is an increase in the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO), resulting in reduced levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. The cytokines also reduce levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), responsible for neuronal growth; this leads to a reduction in neurogenesis, and hence a reduction in hippocampal volume. The dyregulated hippocampus and amygdala maintain abnormal levels of glucocorticoids, neurotrophic factors, and cytokines, thus creating a vicious cycle in which patients develop a depressive state from which it is difficult to recover. As brain structure has such a profound effect upon a patients likelihood to develop depression, and the structure of the brain is intricately linked with season of birth, it could be argued that season of birth would indirectly alter the risk of developing depression, with a birth in the winter months causing an increase. It has been found that treatments for depression and other psychiatric conditions also contribute towards cranial structure. Antidepressants, such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), have been shown to improve the neuroplasticity of the brain in patients with depression, thus preventing the dysregulation of the limbic system, relieving symptoms such as anhedonia and avolition. SSRIs inhibit the 5HT reuptake transporter (5HTT, SERT), which would normally allow for the breakdown of serotonin, in the synaptic terminals of neurones in the brain. Through this,   there is a sustained increase in extracellular serotonin, and increased action of serotonin within the synaptic cleft. Long-term use of antidepressants has been shown to causes changes in the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala, as BDNF levels rise to allow for neurogenesis. This allows for the restoration of normal action of serotonin.These changes in brain structure further fortify the belief that cran ial structure has a powerful impact upon the likelihood of depression; as season of birth itself can affect the development of the brain in utero, it can be argued that a patients season of birth could potentially increase or reduce their likelihood of developing depression. The Circadian System The regulation of circadian rhythms can be altered in those with mental illnesses; studies have shown that patients with major depressive disorder and SAD have altered function of the circadian clock. There are a number of genes responsible for biological rhythms and light sensitivity, and those for melanopsin have been found to have variations in their expression. The circadian clock is the means of which allow humans to follow a routine; located in the hypothalamus, it is a key component of homeostasis, allowing organisms to maintain their sleep cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and other important functions. Circadian periodicity is dictated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus evokes responses in neurons synapsing in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), also in the hypothalamus.   These neurones modulate other neurones in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), those axons project to the pineal gland. This mechanism ultimately results in the secretion of melatonin into the bloodstream. Melatonin levels increases as the light in the environment decreases, peaking in the early hours of the night. Melanopsin is a photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the retina, and is involved in responses to light in the environment, more specifically, circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary reflex.   (Hattar et al., 2003; Lucas et al., 2003; Panda et al., 2002, 2003). It has been found that variations in melanopsin function could be connected to differences in light sensitivity between individuals. Variations in circadian photoentrainment can occur as a result of sequence variations in genes mediating expression of melanopsin.   (Hatori Panda, 2010) Studies have found that in humans, short wavelength light (blue light) during the dark phase acutely causes alertness, even in humans who are blind.   Zaidi et al. (2007) The effect was significantly more profound in light of shorter wavelengths relative to longer wavelengths.This potentially suggests that ganglion cells in the eye that express melanopsin mediate alertness through projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and other centres in the brain responsible for sleep and alertness, such as the ventral lateral preoptic nuclei (VLPO). Both the SCN and VLPO receive direct input from the ganglion cells expressing melanopsin, and the VLPO is more specifically involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.   (Lu et al., 2000) It can hence be stated that the connection from melanopsin-expressing cells to regulatory nuclei in the brain is the cause for the significant impact of light upon the circadian regulation of sleep. Variations in melanopsin function could lead to decreased alertness during periods of less environmental light such as during the winter. Furthermore, differences in melanopsin function could lead to seasonal variations in circadian timings and sleep. These factors compound and may, in turn, contribute to SAD. ( Melanopsin Gene Variations Interact With Season to Predict Sleep Onset and Chronotype) It was found that SAD patients had reduced behavioural engagement during times when days were shorter. It was interpreted that the change could be attributed to a delay in phase or slowing of homeostatic drive ( Melanopsin Gene Variations Interact With Season to Predict Sleep Onset and Chronotype) However, it was also argued that a change in chronotype across seasons could be a consequence, rat her than a cause, of reduced mood. ( Murray and colleagues (2003)) Thus, it is certainly probable that environmental light levels combined with genetic variation in the expression of photopigments such as melanopsin could affect both sleep cycles and mood, and therefore ones season of birth could impact the risk of developing depression. However, this brings into question whether this would apply to major depressive disorder itself, or more specific to seasonal disorders. Further research into the r ole of melanopsin and the effects of environmental light levels could shed some light on potential links to depression and mental health. Questions for Further Studies and Conclusions Much research has been done to investigate the possible effects of season of birth on the risk of developing depression. From these studies one could conclude that a birth during autumn or winter increases the risk of developing depression as a consequence of alteration in both brain structure, and circadian physiology. This is due to the lower light levels a neonate is exposed to, resulting in alterations in melanopsin expression and reduced levels of vitamin D. However, as these factors primarily come into play after birth, the question of environmental effects upon the mother during gestation come into play; travel, for example, from one hemisphere to the other, could result in a summer rather than a winter birth. This seems advantageous at first, seemingly providing a lower risk of developing depression, however, the stress of travel during gestation could potentially have impacts upon the developing foetus. Further to this, one could question the effects of travel shortly after birth, as the environmental factors that a child is exposed to, such as diet, infection, and light levels, drastically change; this is in combination with the stressor that is traveling itself. There are also some current limitations when conducting studies; as patients birth dates are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the accuracy of results and conclusions made is reduced. It would hence be advantageous if birth date could be used in this research as results would be significantly more accurate. Thus, it must be noted that the current investigations into season of birth and its links to depression are subject to unreliability. Taking the above factors into consideration, it can be concluded that there is potentially a link between of season of birth and depression, as some links to other psychiatric conditions have already been somewhat established. We have found that season of birth has marked effects upon the cranial structure of neonates, which then result in alterations in risk of illness. We see that the changes in structure are inherently linked to variations in the environment, which renders a link between season of birth and depression highly probable. The changes in brain structure and their physiological effects should be researched further, particularly due to the role that the circadian clock plays in depression, as an alteration in the structure of its components would further explain its effects upon risk. Circadian rhythms have been established to be intricately related to ones mental health; however, it remains unconfirmed whether changes in sleep homeostasis are causative or a consequence of psychiatric conditions. Therefore, more research should be conducted in order to understand the exact effects of environmental factors on depression and how they can alter risk; fundamentally, no steadfast conclusion can be given as of yet, but the door for further research remains open. Work Cited [1] World Health Organisation, Depression Fact sheet, Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ [Accessed 1st March 2017] [2] Lurie SJ1, Gawinski B, Pierce D, Rousseau SJ, Seasonal Affective Disorder. 2006 Nov 1;74(9):1521-4 [3] National Institute of Mental Health, Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/seasonal-affective-disorder/index.shtml [Accessed 1st March 2017] [4] McGrath JJ, Burne TH, Feron F, Mackay-Sim A, Eyles DW (2010) Developmental vitamin D deficiency and risk of schizophrenia: a 10-year update. Schizophr Bull 36(6): 1073-1078. [5]   Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J (2003) A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin,29(3), 587-593.. [6] Disanto, G., Morahan, J., Lacey, M., DeLuca, G., Giovannoni, G., Ebers, George C ; Ramagopalan, Sreeram V Gravenor, Mike B. (2012). Seasonal Distribution of Psychiatric Births in England (Season of Birth and Psychiatric Disease). PLoS ONE, 7(4), E34866. [7] Pantazatos, S. (2014). Prediction of individual season of birth using MRI. NeuroImage, 88, 61-68. [8] Bigler, E., Mortensen, S., Neeley, E., Ozonoff, S., Krasny, L., Johnson, M Lu, J., Provencal, S.L., McMahon, W. Lainhart, J. (2007). Superior Temporal Gyrus, Language Function, and Autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 31(2), 217-238. [9] Christopher M Ciarleglio, John C Axley, Benjamin R Strauss, Karen L Gamble, Douglas G Mcmahon. (2010). Perinatal photoperiod imprints the circadian clock. Nature Neuroscience,14(1), 25. Case Study of Entrepreneur: Prakash Bang Case Study of Entrepreneur: Prakash Bang EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Entrepreneurship is important in the daily business environment and is plays a crucial role in the world economy. Entrepreneurship is an interesting topic as it deals with the behaviour of the firm entrepreneur and the entrepreneurs main competencies. The author seeks to find the reasons for the successes and failures of entrepreneurs in India by a special case study focus. The author seeks to find the factors essential from the set up phase to the growth phase of a firm. The author has taken a case study of an entrepreneur from India, operating in a small business environment. Entrepreneurship has played an important role in the success of the firms as well as the entire nation. Factors like the opportunity discovery realisation, the importance of networking, impact of government policies and the personality of an entrepreneur has a direct relation with the entrepreneurial process. India is a growing economy and especially after the liberalization period of 1991, there has been a ma ssive change in the outlook of the entrepreneurial and globalization motives. The legendary Indian business tycoons are now world famous and show a promising future for India. The opportunity for the growth of entrepreneurship in India is massive and the concept of entrepreneurship is considered to take off soon. Indian government has now realised the true potential of entrepreneurs and many doors are opened for driving entrepreneurship in India. Factors responsible for the success and failures will be explored in relation to the life story of an entrepreneur. Successes and Failures of Entrepreneurs- A case study focus on India Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background The word entrepreneur has Latin roots à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" entre means to enter, pre means before and neur means nerve center. Entrepreneurs are individuals who enter any business and change that businesses nerve center (Shefsky, 1994). Another book says that the word entrepreneur originates from the French and the exact meaning is the one who takes between. An entrepreneur is known as the co-ordinator of different factors of production, the risk taker, the capitalist employer, the owner- manager etc. Many writers have contributed towards the roles and concepts of an entrepreneur. Richard Cantillon and Jean Baptiste Say are considered as the most important economist writers to have contributed on the role of an entrepreneur. Other famous writers to observe the role of entrepreneurs are Kirzner, Schumpeter, Knight, Casson and Shackle. This is how the approach to entrepreneurship was developed. The entrepreneurial personality consists of the key characteristics like need for achievement, high internal locus of control, visionary, innovative etc. However, the personality criticisms observed are the ignorance of the learning, preparation, serendipity and environment factors that may be more important than a personality. Entrepreneurship is hugely influenced by the environment in which a person is developed and the culture of an individual (Deakins and Freel, 2006). Entrepreneurship is not a single concept and is defined in many different ways. In the modern usage an entrepreneur is a person who undertakes a commercial enterprise at a personal financial risk. Continuous change is essential and the development is expected in the technical, social and economical areas. This concept is dissimilar to the ancient and the medieval world where the philosophers failed to give attention to the economic matters. Historically, it is observed that the conceptions of the entrepreneur have evolved over time. The craftsman, the small scale trader, the new technologies and industries founder are all seen as entrepreneurs. As per Schumpeter, the entrepreneurs view of innovation is revolutionary and discontinuous than small scale, marginal, gradual and cumulative. Gradually this develops into large firms which become the powerhouses of innovation. This leads to a depersonalized and automatized economic progress. On a macro scale, the success of entrepreneurs is a force that prevents the economic system running down and continuously resists the approach of the classical stationary state (Casson, et al., 2008) Every economist understands that an entrepreneur is important and has a huge impact. Economists consider entrepreneurship as a meta- economic event and profoundly shape an economy. Economists not only have any explanations for the emergence of entrepreneurship which took place during the late nineteenth century but also as why entrepreneurship is not related to a particular culture or a country. However, the main reasons are rooted in the values, perceptions and attitudes in institutions (Drucker, 2006). Many economists have agreed that entrepreneurship plays the key role in developing any economy as the entrepreneurs generate jobs, create new businesses and increase productivity. It is interesting to note that almost 75% of the new jobs added to the American economy every year lead to over 99% of all the United States employers. The 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) observed that entrepreneurial behaviour is very important for innovation and growth of an economy and the com panies need to take their attention towards the unexploited opportunities (America, 2008). Another entrepreneurship research paper prepared for the first GEM research conference which analysed the GDP for 36 countries, found that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of the economic growth and hugely affects the growth of an economy (GEM database, 2004). Therefore, it is essential to understand the main reasons involved in the successes and failures of entrepreneurs as there is a direct relation between the entrepreneurs and the economy. Entrepreneurship system evolved in the advanced economy (US) and is successful. Whereas in a developing economy like India, the entrepreneurship system needs modification as the public policies need to support the role of entrepreneurship. After analysing 100 entrepreneurs from the US and Bangalore city of India, it was observed that the Bangalore entrepreneurs started with high capital which also resulted in lower profits and they competed against the large companies in India, whereas the US entrepreneurs started with less capital, competed against the other small business owners and also resulted in higher profits. This study summarised that the failure of Indian entrepreneurs was because of unfavourable tax system, harsh rules, bad restrictions and relatively low efficiency as compared to the favourable conditions enjoyed by the US entrepreneurs (Bhidenet, 2004). However there are many critical issues as why the entrepreneurs/ businesses fail like entrepreneurial weakness, poor le adership and commitment, weak marketing and finance debt, etc (management paradise, 2007) Thus from the above arguments, we clearly understand the evolution of entrepreneurship, successful entrepreneurship leads to economic development and that many factors are involved in the overall success and failures of entrepreneurs. 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2a Aim: To understand the reasons for the successes and failures of the entrepreneurs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A case study focus of an entrepreneurs in India. 1.2b Objectives The research seeks to study the life story of Mr. Prakash Bang, an entrepreneur based in India with relation to the following points: To understand as how the business opportunity is discovered in the entrepreneurial process To analyse the impact of networking on entrepreneurship and the influence of the social network on the set up and expansion of business. To know as how the ideas or the links for exports are developed and the effect of the governments role for internationalization. The role model inspiration and the vision of the business. The successes and failures of an entrepreneur. 1.3 Value and Contribution The study will provide an understanding about the different stages involved in the entrepreneurs life, i.e. from the start up to the growth of a firm. The research will provide insights about the various challenges faced by a small business entrepreneur. It will also serve as a guideline to the present entrepreneurs and the individuals who wish to become entrepreneurs in future. 1.4 Structure of the study CHAPTER CONTENT Chapter 1 Introduction This first chapter gives an idea about the project. The evolution and importance of Entrepreneurship. Then, the motivation for research is specified which is based on the successes and failures of the entrepreneurs. The last part shows the aims and objectives for the research. Chapter 2 Literature Review The literature review highlights and examines the previous studies in the entrepreneurship area and relevant theories, which form the background of this study. This includes economic importance of entrepreneurship, opportunity realisation and effects, the role of bank loans, entrepreneurial personality factors, role of government policies and entrepreneurial failures. There are different views observed on the factors responsible for entrepreneurship. This chapter presents information on the issues which are related to the entrepreneurship stages. Chapter 3 Methodology The chapter describes the research methodology adopted for the study and provides justifications for the approach. Qualitative research is used to analyse the case and the primary data is collected. Finally this chapter analyses the methodology and identifies the various challenges encountered during the research. Chapter 4 Discussion of Findings This chapter discusses the findings, considering the relevant current literature. It tries to identify the reasons related to the research and findings. Chapter5 Conclusions This chapter concludes the findings of the study and states the contribution of the research. It also identifies areas required for the future research by understanding the past failures of entrepreneurs. Finally this chapter provides recommendations on which will prove useful to the successes of entrepreneurs. Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1 Meaning and importance of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is linked with the economic growth. An interesting study by Hicks in study of Texas sales receipts said that the highest failure rates had the highest employment growth and highest wages. It can be noted that entrepreneurship has at least a part on such benefits. It is also found that in case of failure of the entrepreneurs the consumer still get a higher valued offerings (Knott, 2008). Entrepreneurship is believed to be risky as it is highly innovative and high tech. Entrepreneurs shifts the resources from the areas of lower production to the areas of higher production. Entrepreneurship is implied to evolution and revolution. Different authors have different opinions on entrepreneurs. As per Drucker, Entrepreneurs are designers of new realities, i.e. as the introducers of a new product or process. Krizner (1973) suggested that entrepreneurs create new ways of organising economic activities. Mintzberg (1973) in line with the Schumpeterian said that the strategy of en trepreneurs is a discontinuous and radical change, which is guided by a tunnel of a vision. However, Lessem (1984) argued that entrepreneurs are experimental learners. The above views of different authors show that Entrepreneurship brings evolution as well as revolution (Klandt 1993). Entrepreneurs are the creators and leaders of the society who change the way people live, work, play and lead. Entrepreneurship evolved in America before 35 years and had a stunning impact on the cultural and the economic landscape of America. Americas entrepreneurship is now a global movement and has become a model for the business people and policymakers. It is noteworthy that EUs action plan in 2000 to be the most competitive economy by 2010 by fuelling entrepreneurial minds, encouraging more people to start their own businesses and forming more entrepreneurial friendly regulatory as well as administrative environment. Entrepreneurship has also exploded in the countries like India and China leading to a positive social and economic change (Timmons and Spinelli, 2007) 2.2 Entrepreneurship in India If we consider the example of India, it is known as the land of the successful world famous entrepreneurs like Mukesh Ambani and Lakshmi Mittal, who are currently at the top 8th and 9th position in the world as per the American magazine à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Forbes (edubook, 2009) Besides these legendary family business players many new firms are also emerging in the growing economy India. Many of the business are funded with the infusion of private equity or venture capital. However, as per the statistics from Brain and Company the venture capital market in India, has declined from US $ 17 billion in 2007 to US$ 14 billion in 2008. In spite these s many entrepreneurs like the CEO of hotmail.com are still bullish on the new ventures and assure that India for entrepreneurship still remains advantageous (Wharton, 2009) If we consider GEM 2003 statistics for India, it showed that 12.5% of the Indian population is involved in the opportunity based ventures whereas in China it was just 5.5%. The dominance of India is because of the strong entrepreneurship environment and more iconic entrepreneurs. However with the emergence of the Chinese companies like alibaba.com in which yahoo took 40% stake, China has started producing role models. In near future Indian entrepreneurs are likely to fail as compared to the Chinese entrepreneurs (insead, 2008) At this moment, India needs to have a right environment, capital access and should enable networking and exchange as well. Presently, India is a land of technologists and the businesses can survive for much longer time than any other countries (narendra, 2009) Another point to be noted is that the Indian technology firms can add value to the countrys growth because a technology product company adds faster and quicker money using small power. The main challenge here is that these firms need to be competitive in future (sramanamitra, 2007) Although the present scenario is completely different in India; during the period of 1980s to 1990s, the entrepreneurs had to face tough times as they had to obtain multiple licences and the government officers who were involved in the licence aspects were underpaid and ultimately resorted in bribery and corruption. Then the situations changed after 1990s. The main reason for the change is because the Indian business practices started changing in 1991 after extensive economic reforms. Indian economy has sustained average GDP around 9% from 2006 to 2007. In the past decade, Indias GDP has increased from 21% to 33% and the foreign exchange reserves have reached over $200 billion. In todays scenario entrepreneurship has taken off and is truly a promising market for the entrepreneurial firms. (go4funding, 2009) The growth of Indian Small Scale Industries (SSI) post liberalization, during 1994 to 2002 was over 4.1% annually and also the employment grew by 4% annually. (small sector growth in india, 2006) 2.3 Discovery of entrepreneurship opportunity and its effects In Entrepreneurship, it is necessary to understand as how the opportunities are realised by the entrepreneurs. The concept of opportunity generation is a largely overlooked aspect but is central and an important part of entrepreneurship. Opportunity generation is defined as a situation in which a person creates new means to yield profits. It is crucial to understand the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities in the life of an entrepreneur, as the characteristics of the entrepreneurial opportunities manipulate the entire entrepreneurial process. Authors like Schumpeter and Kirznerian have different view points on the role of opportunities which is represented in the table below: Schumpeterian Opportunities Disequilibrating Requires new information Very Innovative Rare Involves Creation Kirznerian Opportunities Equilibrating Does not require new information Less innovative Common Limited to discovery Table 1(Shane, 2003) Also, certain individual differences are observed in the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunity: Access to information Life experiences Social networks Search processes Opportunity Recognition Absorptive capacity Intelligence Cognitive properties Table 2 (Shane, 2003) It is important to understand the Timmons model in entrepreneurship as the opportunity is considered at the heart of the business and is driven by the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurs team. As per the Timmons model, the shape, size and the depth of the opportunity structures the necessary shape, size and the depth of the resources and the team. It is well explained in the following diagram: Many activities function in the social, economical, political and family spheres that are categorized under Entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurial activities require a lot of effort, negotiation and are a chain of activities in relation to something that are gone before. The first stage in the entrepreneurship process is known as the opportunity formation stage, which is a commonly observed phenomenon in entrepreneurship and the business venturing process. The formation of opportunity is relationally and communally constituted. However, this argument is not fully considered in descriptive or linear process models of opportunity recognition. As per the studies of some authors, an opportunity is discovered due to a persons cognitive skills, organizational learning process and networking skills or career choices. These frame works formulate opportunity recognition process. The problem in such frameworks is that they fail to take a wider picture of societal, economic or cultural structur es and patterns that shape entrepreneurship (Fletcher, 2006). Although, the opportunity generation strategies are important in entrepreneurship, the effects of such strategies are neglected in the entrepreneurship area. It is interesting to note that the performance of a venture is strongly influenced by the opportunity discovery strategies. An observation on three entrepreneurial firms showed that the growth of an entrepreneurial firm is affected positively by proactive search approach of entrepreneurs. We can easily understand the effect of proactive search on the performance of new ventures in the diagram below. The high beta value (.67) shows that the proactive search approach of an entrepreneur is the most important catalyst for the growth of a new venture. It should be also noted that in a similar way, the competitive scanning affects the newness values of a firm (Puhakka, 2007) 2.4 Factors for successful entrepreneurship and its effects Many successful business entrepreneurs like the Bill Gates and Richard Branson manage to expand their firms very quickly and with gigantic success. The reasons for their high growth success are: a) They had an entrepreneurial character within themselves. Moreover, the adapted to the change as per the growth of their business. b) They had an effective business culture which is considered as very important influential leadership tool in a firm. Their enterprise cultures had thorough foundations to grow and were obsessed with the aim of being successful in the long run. c) Also, they had an expert management team and sound financial control systems. The interesting point to note is that these firms knew as why the customers buy from them and not from their competitors. d) Lastly they had very strong strategies which helped their firms to lead towards the successes and growth stages (Burns 2006). Also, other reasons to be successful as an entrepreneurial management are as follows: a) It should be focussed on the market. b) It requires a financial prudence and specially planning for the cash flow and the future needs for capital. c) It needs a well constructed top management team, before the new ventures requirement and before it can afford one. d) The founder or the entrepreneur should have a decision in respect to his own role, area of work and relationships. (Drucker,2008) Success of a venture also depends on the leadership attributes of an entrepreneur and it is said that the successful business is a reflection of the leader (Advancing women, 2006) However, the business success does not always depend on the leaders vision. This is because a creative entrepreneur develops a product which is in great demand and also produces a product which is efficient and profitable. (Business management, 2008) There are different views of entrepreneurs on the success of a business venture. Example: It is interesting to note the view of the young entrepreneur Jasdeep Singh Bhatia whose article was selected for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Enterprising British Summit 05. He said that a real entrepreneur has drive and motivation within him and knows his vision (news bbc, 2005) Another example is of the Successful entrepreneur Andy McLoughlin, who believes in his vision and has always followed his father as a role model who inspired him to start his own business (Make your mark, 2009). However; in case of Scarlet, who was nominated for Barclays Inspire award said that she was determined and believed in herself to set up business in spite of the difficulties in her life (Ne business, 2009). The above views of different entrepreneurs show that entrepreneurs define success in many different ways and the concept of entrepreneurship is a complex issue. Although the concept of entrepreneurship is difficult to understand, it plays an important role in the success of a nation. Entrepreneurship leads to the economic growth in many ways. Entrepreneurs enter and expand the existing markets leading to increased competition and economic efficiency. Also, new markets are often explored by offering innovative products. Statistics have shown that 14% of the entrepreneurs starting a business declared that their product had no direct competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a clear indication of the creation of new markets. Lets consider US as an example: The last fifteen years have been robust in the set up of new ventures. Many statistics have shown that in the last ten years new business start ups approached nearly 600, 000 per year. Today, the numbers of businesses in the US have soared more than 20 million and the growth rate is at 2 percent. As per the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), more than half of all businesses employ less than five people and almost 90% of the firms have fewer than 20 people. The s mentioned in the table below give us a better idea in terms of the new jobs created and the size of business in the US from the years 1980 to 1995 (Kuratko and Hodgetts,2007). (SIZE OF BUSINESS) Years New Jobs (000s) 20-499Employees 500+ Employees 1990 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1995 6,853 49% 27.5% 23.5% 1988 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1990 2,666 153.8 -31.9 -18.8 1986 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1988 6,169 24.1 20.8 55.1 1984 1986 4,611 35.5 16.8 47.7 1982 1984 4,318 48.8 27.9 23.3 1980 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1982 1,542 97.9 -2.4 4.5 Table 3 Source: NFIB Small Business Policy Guide (Washington, D>C., November 2000), 31 From the above statistics we can conclude that the small businesses entrepreneurs have successfully created new jobs leading to the strong economic conditions in the US. However, it is interesting to note that as per the report of Missouri Economic Research and Information Centre (MERIC) the Small Businesses and the Entrepreneurial Growth Companies (EGC) are two different concepts. As per the MERIC report, the owners of EGCs have significant economic effects on a community by accounting for a large creation of new job growth whereas Small Businesses target controlled growth and continuous profitability (MERIC, 2009). In reference to the US job creation statistics mentioned earlier, one of the reasons for the success of entrepreneurship in the US is due to the strong support of the US Small Business Administration (SBA) to its entrepreneurs. SBA was created in 1953 as an independent agency of the federal state government and has a vast network of partnership of public and private companies. Also, SBA has many loan assistant programmes and recently, President Obama came up with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to help the small business owners with tax relief plans to overcome the losses (SBA, 2009). Whereas, if we compare support of Indian government to its entrepreneurs, not only there are very few loan programmes available but also no serious initiative was taken in the crisis situation to help entrepreneurs (Business gov, 2009) This is one of the main reasons for the success of the American entrepreneurs and the failure of Indian entrepreneurs. 2.5 Entrepreneurship scenario in growing economies and role of banks If situations mentioned above continue in India, the entrepreneurs may highly fail due to less support available. Also, it is also observed that the Indian government shows very low interest to the ideas of individuals. A very good example to support the above statement: An individual from India shifted to a small south Asian country as he did not get support from Venture Capital funds in India. As a result, this entrepreneur is now moving his company base and will offer employment to the locals of another country (Trak, 2009). From the above points it is clear that the role of government is very important for the success of entrepreneurs and the country. Support from the banks is also very essential especially in the growing economies for successful entrepreneurship because the bank loans are a source of external funding for small and medium size business. Another interesting point is that many entrepreneurship studies involved in the research of emerging economies have suggested that personal relationships and networks with other entrepreneurs, bankers, government, friends and relatives may play an important role for the lending institutions as well as the borrower. A case study of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam showed that different networks accomplish different purposes and therefore it is necessary to align the networks as per the requirements in the various stages of business. As per the research paper, networking with customers and government officials helps (use of bank loan) to improve business performance whereas networking with suppliers and society reduces the need for a bank loan (shown in the below) (Le, N. T. B . Nguyen, T. V. 2009) Bank loan is important for the venture set up. In India, statistics have shown that 41% of the business owners seek for sources of finance. However, the criticism to the bank loan is that a forum of Private Business found that taking a bank loan is not an attractive option because only 26% of the people found the charges of bank are good value for money (Deakins and Freel, 2005). Also, there is a problem for the high technology firms to get loan from the banks because the banks require collateral or a good track record with business propositions. Most of the fast growing businesses grow due to retained profits (Bhide 2000- p 364- Oxford). If we consider another option of investment, i.e. venture capital with reference to India, venture capitalists firms do not fund for the start up enterprises, unless an IT business. The venture capitalists firm think that IT businesses have good growth prospects in India and therefore are a safe funding option (Silicon India, 2009) Previously we have seen that networking is a crucial element in the success of entrepreneurship. However, another study concluded that if we consider the importance of networking and the three areas network relationships, governance and structure, then the focus of network development process over the venture gestation, formation and the growth life cycle of a firm receives less attention 2.6 Entrepreneurial personality factors and its importance In entrepreneurship, there are several factors that can be controlled besides the personality traits and parents (Knott, 2008). In entrepreneurship it important to understand the personality factors of an entrepreneur. Some studies have concluded that 20% of variance in the intentions of entrepreneur origin can be seen by the personality origin of an entrepreneur. However, this ratio drops down to zero while explaining business success. It is found that the personality factors depend on the start up intentions of an entrepreneur. A group of researchers on the basis of configuration- theory approach observed that the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur gradually decrease from the start up phase to the business growth stage. (Refer 5) Also for the development of the business intentions, correct measures need to be taken in schools and university in order to foster the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur. (Refer 6) (Frank, 2007) In todays world, entrepreneurship besides the start up intentions and the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur is also influenced by the global economy. Trading in the global economy or the international market requires understanding of different cultures, risk taking and economic production methods. The process of internationalisation is a progression of stages and a gradual process which begins from an established domestic market. Traditionally, a small firm enters overseas markets through agents to gain knowledge for opening its own subsidiary firm. Then in the final stage overseas production is started. This is well explained in the diagram below: The entrepreneurship concept though interesting has many challenges or problems. In 1971, author Frank Knight said that entrepreneurship judgement is a natural complement to the theory of the firm. However the challenge is whether the entrepreneurs insight is incorporated or not, as there are problems related to the modelling issues like the judgement and entrepreneurial experimentation (Muzumdar, 2008) 2.7 Internationalization of a firm and international entrepreneurship The internationalization process is also influenced by the networks of the entrepreneurs. The knowledge of internationalization can be gained through partnerships or in relation to the business networks. The importance of networks is that they are good source of information, linked to opportunities and vision. Social networks have crucial contribution in making a big difference towards the success. It is noteworthy that the entrepreneurs and the managers understand that firms cannot perform alone and social networks are an important element in a firms international success. Therefore firms should involve in the networking process by taking part in specialized conferences to promote their credibility in the international market. The diagram below shows the three roles of social networks related to the firm, entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial team and the High Tech Small Medium Enterprises (HTSME). In this it is shown that the information is received from the external sources, mainly through the networks. Then the information is used by the lead entrepreneur and his / her team, based on the prior knowledge, experience and thoughts. During this time the information is also gained from t